Ethnicity and Employment - the Representation of Ethnic Minorities in the UK Labour Market Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Statistics suggest that education played a very important role in uplifting the ethnic minorities in the labour market. However, certain issues hindered the enthusiasm of ethnic minorities to attain better educational opportunities. For example, it was observed that students from lower socio-economic conditions lacked the necessary skills to attain better positions through the labour market. The learning pathways that students adopted also affected the way in which they approached education. For example, students from lower economic background usually will not have the requisite skills to apply for a top position in the labour market. At the same time, even students who possess better qualification were found to be diffident to apply for better positions. This is explained by the fact that people from lower economic conditions attached only lower importance to higher education and the increase in status associated with a job that could be achieved through better education (CREST, 19 99). Statistics indicate that the necessary encouragement from a policy of compulsory education has been lacking in the UK. As a consequence, compulsory education has not been able to encourage people to look higher for better job prospects. Poverty It is easy to guess the origin of poverty because we can say that poverty could have originated in a place where there were class distinctions and regulation of labour. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnicity and Employment - the Representation of Ethnic Minorities in the UK Labour Market or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Effects Of Alcohol On Crime Rate During The...

Alcohol: The Governments Role In The Prohibition Of 1920 To 1933 ABSTRACT From 1920-33, a mandate under the 18th amendment prohibited the distribution and consumption of alcohol in the United States of America. During this period, the number of federal convicts increased by 561% as well as organized crime among mafia and gangs. This leads to questioning the extent to which government health restrictions increased crime rate during the Prohibition of 1920-1933. To assess this topic, I will first research the history of alcohol consumption and the causes of the Volstead act proposed by the U.S. senate on December 18, 1917 (Hanson, â€Å"Alcohol†). I will then delve into the change in crime during this period and investigate important characters that played a role. From this, I will assess the part that the government restriction of alcohol played on crime rate. To what extent did government health restrictions increase crime rate during the Prohibition of 1920-1933? INTRODUCTION The prohibition was a widespread movement during the first decade of the 20th century that sought to illegalize the widespread distribution of alcohol. Although enforced by the Volstead Act legislation proposed on December 18, 1917, it was very difficult to mandate and often resulted in illegal production and sale of liquor, known as â€Å"bootlegging†. From 1800 to 1850, the United States underwent a time known as the revivalism era in which several calls for temperance and otherShow MoreRelatedHow did the Prohibition Change the United States of America (USA)? And why was it a failure?1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe word Prohibition as stated in the World Book encyclopaedia refers to laws that are designed to prevent the drinking of alcoholic beverages. The enforcement of the Volstead Act in the United States of America (USA) saw the nationwide beginning of the prohibition on the 16th of January 1920. The Prohibition brought about a change in attitude for the people of the United States (USA). It caused an extreme rise in crime; encouraging everyday people to break the law and increased the amount ofRead MoreThe 18th Amendment And Prohibition711 Words   |  3 PagesThe 1920’s of America was a time of many dramatic social and political changes. New fads arose, the economy changed, and thousands of people were transitioning f rom rural to urban areas. During this time, new amendments emerged, like the 18th amendment. The 18th amendment, prohibition, may have seemed like a positive thing at the time, but it caused countless problems like increased crime rates, the court system and law enforcement became corrupted, and the making of homemade alcohol increased. Read More absolut Failure Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pages The 1920’s was a time of major social change in the United States. The social changes during this period are reflected in the laws and regulations that were implemented. One of the most prominent examples of this was prohibition. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, or the Volsted act as it is also know, was implemented to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the advocates of prohibition hoped to also eradicate the social problems associated with alcohol. â€Å"It wasRead MoreTaking a Look at Prohibition937 Words   |  4 Pagesmaking and transportation of alcohol was banned. In 1919 the Volstead Act made all drinks containing more than 0.5 percent alcohol illegal once the 18th amendment went into use in 1920. Prohibition in America between 1920 and 1933 was made a law to reduce crime and corruption, solve social issues, and improve the health of Americans. The effects of prohibition on Americans depended on the reduced amount of alcohol being drunk. For a while consumption levels of alcohol decreased but then soon increasedRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthe distribution and consumption of alcohol, the Prohibition Act. Most of Capone’s profits came from his disobedience to the act which was successful due to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. Al Capone was the most successful distributor of alcohol due to bribing law enforcements andRead MoreProhibition in America: The Rights of Individuals vs. the Responsibilities of a Nation 1612 Words   |  7 Pages PROHIBITION IN AMERICA The Rights of Individuals vs. the Responsibilities of a Nation â€Æ' The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages† . This historical, yet short era, known as â€Å"Prohibition†, set an example that is still referred to today. As people scrambled all around the country trying to illegally obtain alcohol, the country was once again in a state of chaos. As part of a Christian based temperanceRead MoreUnintended Consequences of Prohibition1537 Words   |  7 Pages(1) Before the prohibition of alcohol existed in the United States people freely drank alcohol, mainly beer, some responsibly and some irresponsibly. The government was able to collect quite a substantial amount of tax revenue for the manufacture, transportation, sales, and consumption of alcohol. In the years leading up to the prohibition of alcohol the rates of serious crime and alcohol consumption were steadily dropping, they rose during the mid – latter years of prohibition. There were relativelyRead MoreRise of Crime in the 1920s Essays872 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920s are usually characterized as a time of care-free, social rebellion against the restricting ideals of the post WWI world, but it has a darker side than this. Prisons populations and crime rates rose to an all time high from where they were pre-Prohibition. Gangsters soon became the richest, most powerful men in the country and all due to the bootlegging of liquor. In New York and Chicago especially, the gan gs were as diverse as the people living there, all fighting to control their areasRead MoreProhibition in America1214 Words   |  5 Pagess. citizens extra spending money, and prevent crime; but it did just the opposite. The 18th amendment was put into effect on the 18th of december 1917 and it â€Å"Prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages.† (bill of rights amendment 18) Prohibition was most likely a direct cause to the Temperance movement. The Temperance union thought that alcohol ruined people’s lives and they were not wrong. Although alcohol made the americans citizens look uncivilized andRead MoreBootlegging1172 Words   |  5 Pages The 1920’s in American History was an extraordinary time period due to the extreme prosperity of the people who lived in it. The lust for bigger and better conveniences was developed and led people to want easy money. After the eighteenth amendment went into effect, the quickest way to make money was through the illegal production and smuggling of alcohol. Smuggling created the infamous gangsters who made their fortunes from the moonshine. The greatest contributor of wealth and crime of the

The Concept of Monopoly Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: Discuss the characteristics of a Monopoly Market. Answers: The identified essay has been developed to discuss the characteristics of a monopoly market. Precisely, the study provides an extended introduction elaborating monopoly market structure. By defining the concept of monopoly business in a given market, the essay paper thoroughly researches two major questions. First of all, the study illustrates why the government of leading economies has wanted to control the price setting policy of a natural monopoly business. Secondly, the ways to regulate the price setting of monopolist business have been described in the study as well. In the meanwhile, the study paper includes economic principles to analyse how monopolist business set up has affected the consumers in a free market. In terms of economic definition, pure monopoly market structure has formed if there is only a single producer or supplier available to the market (White, 2015). Therefore, due to lack of market competition, the operating business of the single firm creates monopoly market where the monopolist firm has become the price maker in the industry (Abdin, 2008). The study paper delivers a detailed review of the operations of natural monopolist firm to identify why the government should restrict the price setting of monopoly businesses (Imai, 2012). In addition, a case study has been provided to understand how natural monopoly can imbalance the market equilibrium price. In order to understand why and how government regulates the price setting of a monopoly market, it is important to observe the characteristics of a monopoly market structure. In a monopoly market structure a single firm serves the entire industry with no competition (Sheshinski, 2016). On the basis of the regulatory terms, a firm with 25 percent or more of the market share is considered as a monopoly (Jamal Sunder, 2014). On the other hand, it is important to note that a natural monopoly occurs due to certain advantages such as high availability of mineral resources, strategic location and specific regulatory requirements (Sheshinski Weiss, 2013). For example, the Gulf Countries have good amount of natural crude oil resources that makes them monopoly leader in the global oil industry. However, to become a natural monopoly market, the industry must possess the following characteristics: One seller and many buyers: There is a single seller and huge number of buyers in a monopoly market. Lack of substitutes: Due to the absence of competitors there is a lack of substitute products. Sometimes the distinctiveness of the products and services provide monopoly rights to the firms (Sheshinski Weiss, 2013). Lack of competition: As there is a single seller in the market there is no close competitor for a monopoly firm. Profitability as the primary objective: The primary objective of monopolist firm is to earn higher level of profitability. In other words, profit maximisation is the main aim of the monopolist firms. The monopolist firms aims to achieve supernormal profit that makes different from any other market structure (Sheshinski Weiss, 2013). However, the firm may achieve abnormal profit in the long run due to over regulation of government and promotion of competition by regulating bodies. High barriers to entry and exit: Furthermore, the monopoly market structure has high barriers to entry and exit for new firms in the market. In other words, a new firm requires huge investment in order to enter a monopoly market that has no competition till present (Sheshinski, 2016). Hence, the barriers to entry are at extreme level for a new entrant. High control over price: Being a single seller in the market with no substitutes, the monopoly firms are the price makers. The monopoly firms have the right to decide the price of the products and services that are offered to the customers. The primary factor that is considered by the monopolist firms to determine the price of its products and services is total revenue. A monopolist firm produce its products at an output level at which the total revenue is at its highest point to earn maximum profit (Sheshinski, 2016). The total revenue curve has been presented herein below: Figure: Total Revenue Curve of a Monopolist Firm Source: (White, 2015) The above figure shows that M is the output level at which the total revenue is at its maximum point. Furthermore, a total revenue curve is inclined in the middle and at its highest point the profitability is maximised (White, 2015). Hence, a monopoly firm determines the level of output by considering the profit maximisation factor. However, there are several other factors that must be observed to understand the market structure of a natural monopoly. A diagram has been given below with further explanation: Figure: Natural Monopoly Source: (White, 2015) According to the above figure, a monopolist firm produces at an output level QM, which is much lower than the socially optimum output level at QE. Additionally, the monopolist organisation charges a higher price at PM which is also higher than the socially optimum price level. Furthermore, the level of quantity to be produced by a monopoly firm is determined by MC = MR (White, 2015). Therefore, it can be seen that the price charged by the monopoly businesses is quite higher than the market equilibrium price (PE) and the government regulated price (PR) that creates a immense pressure over the consumers. Furthermore, the output level at QM, which is quite below than the equilibrium output level (QE) and government regulated output level (QR) indicates an underutilisation of resources (White, 2015). Hence, the profit maximisation policy of the monopoly firms create problem for the government to maintain stability in the market. The government is the core authority to control the misuse of the monopoly power by several organisations to safeguard the rights of the consumers and maintain stability in the market (Sunder Jamal, 2015). Furthermore, there are several reasons for the government to regulate the price setting of natural monopoly that is discussed herein below: Avoid over pricing: The absence of government regulations makes the monopoly firms misuse their price setting power and the common public have to suffer by paying high price for the products. The over pricing policy of the monopolist contributes towards inadequate allocation of resources and reduces the consumer welfare (Sadanand, 2008). Hence, government regulation is required to prevent excess pricing of products. Maintain quality of service: The lack of competitors and substitute products allows the monopolist firms to comprise with the quality of products and services (Spulber, 2014). Hence, the government regulation is required to maintain the quality of service and safeguard the consumer interests. Control monopsony power: In some cases, the firms operating in monopoly market structure misuse their monopsony power while purchasing raw materials from the small scale sellers. For example, supermarkets with monopsony power dominate the small farmers and squeeze their profit margin. The farmers have to forcefully sell their products at lower price as there is no other buyer in the market (Slade, 2009). Hence, the regulations of the government safeguard the rights of the small scale producers in a monopoly market system. Promote competition: The firms in the monopoly market system use their power to dominate the entire industry. It is considered that a firm with more than 25 percent of the market share can dominate other sellers by practising monopoly power (Jamal Sunder, 2014). Hence, the government plays an essential role in such market structure by promoting competition to minimise the monopoly power of the large scale market leaders. The analysis based on the discussion has evaluated, many of the monopoly firms have misused the price setting power in a given market due to lack of government regulations. Clearly, such price setting strategies of overpricing can unstable market price equilibrium of a free market leading to market failure. Evidently, price setting power of monopoly firms can further make an impact on the savings of target audience (Wessels, 2012). In addition, in the presence of monopoly market structure, new firms cannot get an entry in the market. Hence, growth of the economy has been hindered. Therefore, by using regulatory policies government of modern economies must regulate the price setting tactics of natural monopoly businesses (Jamal Sunder, 2014). In the developed as well as emerging economies, government has considered a number of strategies to restrict the price setting of monopoly businesses describes as follows: First and foremost, government must set up regulatory commission to verify the pricing strategy as well as the quality of offered products/services of monopolist businesses (Gaudin, 2012). For instance, State Electricity Regulatory Board was set up in Australia to regulate the pricing of electricity offered by different state-owned firms in their respective target markets. Thus, the pricing of electricity and normal supply have been maintained. Also, the regulatory board must identify whether monopolist firms operating in different markets have maintained fair price of products so that market price equilibrium can be ensured (Norman, 2012). Other than the regulatory interventions, government of economies must use substantial price deduction policies to control the high prices marked by the monopoly firms operating in different industries. Evidently, the RPI-X regulation technique can be defined as a way to put a restriction of surging product pricing strategy of monopolist firms (Simshauser, 2017). The X denotes the deduction of price to be implemented by the government during the price hike of products/services offered by monopolies. Considering the technique, assuming inflation rate as 6% and the X is 3%, the policy will allow the monopoly enterprise to hike the service/product price by 6-3 i.e. 3% at the highest. In this way, the government can regulate excessive offered price of monopolies. Thirdly, the government agencies and regulatory board must put an eye into the mergers and acquisition operations of firms that can establish a monopoly market structure in a given market. In such cases, a number of restrictions and legal regulations must be implemented to maintain price setting policies (Treynor, 2013). Hence, the government intervention and strategies can control the price making policy of monopolies safeguarding the public interest. In terms of discussing a monopoly business structure in the Australian market, EnergyAustralia, a state government-owned electricity and gas supplier can be featured. Precisely, the monopoly business of the enterprise offered electricity and gas supply service to the target audience of Central Coast areas, Sydney and other territories of New South Wales. Previously, the company had operated using price-regulated monopolist business in the target area by supplying electricity. Before 1997, the enterprise has owned a unique electricity distribution network establishing a monopoly business in the target market of Western territories of New South Wales. By 1997, the Australian government had deregulated the business structure of EnergyAustralia to increase competition and maintain a competitive price of electricity in the target market. As a result of the deregulation, the enterprise was segmented into two section i.e. retail business and distribution business of electricity (Parkin, 201 4). However, the distribution business was kept under the state government in 2012. Evidently, the government regulations imposed on the monopoly businesses have benefited the target market consumers (Sheshinski Weiss, 2013). Precisely, due to government interventions and regulatory activities, consumers can get better product price and improved quality of services/products. On the other hand, using the price flooring tactics and segmentation of monopoly businesses can directly improve the economic balance in a given free market. Evidently, regulating the monopolist businesses price setting policy can create more opportunities for the new firms to get an entry in the market (Treynor, 2013). Thus, SMEs in the local market get a chance to establish their business in a monopolist market structure as well. Understandably, the review of the monopoly market structure has delivered answers to the primary questions asked during the introduction of the study. The study evaluates that monopolist firms have influentially exploited the price making power. At the same time, monopoly businesses have deliberately produced goods below the socially optimal output level to control the prices at will. In addition, due to lack of market competitors, monopolist firms have compromised with the product quality as well. As a result of the consequences, to protect the interest of the market consumers, government intervention to regulate price setting policy of monopolist firm has become essential. Conclusively, to maintain economic balance and market price equilibrium, government regulation on pricing strategy of monopoly business has become mandatory. References Abdin, M. (2008). Hidden Monopoly in the Free Market.SSRN Electronic Journal. Gaudin, G. (2012). Price Squeeze and Monopoly Maintenance in Regulated Industries.SSRN Electronic Journal. Imai, H. (2012). Bilateral price-setting in a bilateral monopoly model.Mathematical Social Sciences,12(3), 279-301. Jamal, K., Sunder, S. (2014). Monopoly versus Competition in Setting Accounting Standards.Abacus,50(4), 369-385. Norman, G. (2012).Recent developments in monopoly and competition policy(4th ed.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Parkin, M. (2014).Economics (3rd ed.). Boston, Mass. [u.a.]: Pearson. Sadanand, V. (2008). Endogenously determined price-setting monopoly in an exchange economy.Journal Of Economic Theory,46(1), 172-178. Sheshinski, E. (2016). Price, Quality and Quantity Regulation in Monopoly Situations.Economica,43(170), 127. Sheshinski, E., Weiss, Y. (2013).Optimal pricing, inflation, and the cost of price adjustment(4th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Simshauser, P. (2017). Monopoly regulation, discontinuity stranded assets.Energy Economics,66, 384-398. Slade, M. (2009). Price Wars in Price-Setting Supergames.Economica,56(223), 295. Spulber, D. (2014). Products Liability and Monopoly in a Contestable Market.Economica,55(219), 333. Sunder, S., Jamal, K. (2015). Monopoly or Competition: Standard Setting in the Private and Public Sector.SSRN Electronic Journal. Treynor, J. (2013). How to Regulate a Monopoly.Financial Analysts Journal,59(4), 24-25. Wessels, W. (2012).Economics (2nd ed.). Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series. White, L. (2015). Market Definition in Monopoly Cases: A Paradigm is Missing.SSRN Electronic Journal.

Is the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong free essay sample

Although the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong, there are some exemptions which cannot be avoided. For example : traffic jams occur and all the vehicles will remain stationary but have their engines on. This situation cannot apply to the ban because the drivers are forced to idle their cars and they are not willing to do that, so they are not considered to violate the law. Another exemption is that some vehicles need to keep their engines on in order to prevent the deterioration of their goods, such as vehicles which their owners sell their ice-cream and the engines are needed to turn on in order to provide the refrigerative function. Therefore, can we say that the ban is effective? In our group, we all agree that it is ineffective in lowering the API of Hong Kong because there are many exemptions in the ban and a lot of drivers can escape from the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, the sources of air pollutants are not only from the vehicles, but also from the operations of factories and power stations, so only establishing law to prevent the drivers from idling the motor vehicle engines is not enough to protect our living environment. We need to have other possible solutions to help meliorating the problem. In order to reduce the air pollutants emitted by the vehicles, we suggest installing a 3-way catalytic converter, which can oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO + O2 2CO2, unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water CxH2x+2 + (3x+1)/2 O2 xCO2 + (x+1) H2O and reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen 2NOx ï ¹ ¥N2 ï ¼â€¹ xO2. Nevertheless, the catalytic converter cannot be used on leaded petrol vehicles because Lead will poison the catalyst such as Platinum inside the converter. Indeed, there are more possible solutions to solve the problem. Expanding the rail network or using public transports instead of private cars can also improve the air quality because the amount of cars used can be reduced and the emission of pollutants from cars can also be diminished. The usage of environment-friendly cars are also effective due to the use of electricity instead of hydrocarbons to provide fuels for motion, but these types of cars have a higher cost and inconvenient for charging the batteries frequently. Moreover, planting trees not only can help absorbing the excess carbon dioxide emitted from power stations or vehicles, this method can also help regulating the temperature because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which can cause global warming. To conclude, all people should have the responsibilities to take part in improving the air quality. The statutory ban is not sufficient to improve the air quality, so other methods which have mentioned before should be introduced. If people in Hong Kong can have more concern about our poor living environment, we are sure that they will contribute for improving it throughout their daily lives. We hope that people can pay more attention to this situation and thus Hong Kongs API can be lowered