The Donation of Constantine Essay Example for Free

The gift of Constantine EssayThe Donation of Constantine has been considered a forgery, especially since 1440 A. D. by Lorenzo Valla in his Declamatio So all these are yours, supreme pontiff? And it is your use to recover them all? To despoil all kings and princes of the West of their cities or compel them to pay you a yearly tribute, is that your plan? (Valla, 27) The Donation is a very contentious document that became an instrument used by the Papacy to officially justify its political power and control. This fraudulent document has been thought to have been written 5 centuries later, between 750 and 800 A. D.The basis of the document itself was the transfer of power from Constantine to Pope Sylvester when Constantine converted to Christianity by baptism in 324 A. D. So the pontiffs, who are the representatives of that same chief of the apostles, should obtain from us and our empire the power of a command greater than the earthly clemency of our imperial serenity is seen to have had conceded to it, ()And we ordain and decree that he shall have the supremacy as well over the four chief seats Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople and Jerusalem, as also over all the churches of God in the -whole world.And he who for the time macrocosm shall be pontiff of that holy roman print church shall be more exalted than, and chief over, all the priests of the whole world (Donatio Constantini) The reality, however, was that Constantine had been baptized later in 337 A. D. , by the Bishop of capital of Italy. The donation in question consisted in surrendering the imperial insignia, the Lateran Palace, and the Roman and Italian territories. Besides, capital of Italy was the capital of the great Roman Empire and the seat of the Apostles. So, the subject was that these Bishops of Rome, the representatives of Christ, should inherit Rome and its seat.In the beginning, the Bishop of Rome at the time of Constantine was not a very powerful public figure. Nevertheless, he benefited from his closeness with Constantine who had been in Rome to quietly and gradually assert authority as the head of the Emperors religion. (Williams, 522) The rise of the predominance of the Bishops of Rome owning Rome and Christianity was subsequently back up by different formulas like Theodosius the Great who instituted a law that stated that any nation seeking the protection of the Pope in Rome would have to generate a Christian nation.(Williams, 523) Unfortunately, numerous upheavals in power in the territories surrounding Rome became evident when pagan nations moved into Britain Arian Kings moved into the remaining West plot of ground the Lombards established their domination next door to Rome. They were not the only threat to the authority of the Pope of Rome. At the same time, the emperor butterfly of Constantinople had been an enemy of the Pope the emperor had even tried to assassinate him.(Williams, 524) The only way for the Pope (Stephen II or III) to secure his power was to enlist the help of a powerful ruler with whom he could forge an alliance. This ruler was the Frankish king Pepin III, nicknamed Le Bref, French for the Short. Pepin the Short became an ally against the Lombards who were dangerously threatening to take over all the Italian territory. In order to get the help from the Frankish king, Stephen traveled through the Alps all the way to Gaul where he anointed Pepin as well as his two sons Carloman and Charlemagne.Subsequently, Pepin and his two sons battled the Lombards, beat them, and took over their territory, formerly a Byzantine territory. In order to fulfill their alliance, Pepin gave this territory to Stephen in the Donation of Pepin, freeing Rome from Byzantine control. This conferred authority over these territories was the beginning of the papal states, dramatically increasing the political influence and religious power of the papacy. The papal power was confirmed and supported by Charlemagne. In 799, Pope Leo III had been mistreated by the Romans and sequestered.Charlemagne came to his aid and Leo crowned him emperor on December 25, 800 A. D. Charlemagne became the renewer of the Western Roman Empire and kept up his fathers relations with the Pope while becoming his protector. Charlemagne was a ruler always at war for most(prenominal) of his reign and conquered many lands like Saxonia, forcing the pagan population to embrace Roman Catholicism. (Ganhof, 220) (Becher, 19-81) Conclusion The ascension of Charlemagne to the throne originated from his fathers alliance with the papacy. Around 750 A. D., the Donation of Constantine falsely validated the Popes authority on Rome and the Italian territory. This authority was confirmed and supported by Charlemagne whose loyalty to the Pope make him the imperial seat of the Western Roman Empire. He was crowned in 800 A. D. by Pope Leo III. Works Cited Valla L. Discourse on the Forgery of the alleged(a) Donation of Constantine. Trans. by Christopher B. Coleman. Scanned Proofread by Jonathan Perry. New Haven Yale University Press 1922. Hanover Historical Texts Project. 2001. Donatio Constantini.750-800AD. The Medieval Sourcebook. The Fordham University of Medieval Studies. July 22, 2006 December 3, 2006. Williams SH. The Historians History of the gentleman A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of the Roman Empire. History Association Publication, 1904. Ganshof, F. L. The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy Studies in Carolingian History, trans. Janet Sondheimer, Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell University Press, 1971. Becher, M. Charlemagne, trans. David S. Bachrach, New Haven Yale University Press, 2003.

How Sound Is Used Expressively in M Essay Example for Free

How Sound Is Used Expressively in M EssayIn the beginning of the photograph everything appears normal but within minutes you atomic number 18 thrown into a frantic time in Ger many a(prenominal). A serial killer of children is on the loose and a mother waits at home for her newborn daughter. When are then shown her growing anticipation for her daughter to get home but at the same time shown her daughter talking to a dim figure who buys her a balloon. Her mother screams her name over and over as the camera shows different scenes. This is expressive because the sound of her voice shows how worried she is and the interchanging scenes show she is nowhere to be found. Then the scene of her ball rolling into the brush and her balloon tangles in the electrical wires signifies her death. Without the mothers screams the scene would not have delivered the dramatics that it did. Another exemplify of sound being used expressively was the part in the movie where the minister and the chie f of police are discussing finding Elsies killer.They show many scenes of the police doing various investigations including combing areas for clues, interrogating people, night raids and trying to pick up scents with a dog. This scene shows how intense there investigation is and the chiefs monologue gives you the added intensity of the situation. With the chief talking about how they plan to find the killer and the scenes of the police doing their investigation being shown, Lang manages to expressively show a wide surmount investigation in a short time with aural and visual aspects. Its something that could not be done with a silent movie.The essence of the movie is then truly captured with the parallel sequence shots depicting the criminal underworlds meeting and the police meeting. M is not only a story about a serial killer but, it shows the similarities at the time of the criminals and the police due to the lack of control in postwar Germany. This comparison is very expressive ly shown when Lang uses what they are truism to show how very similar they are. Everything from both the rooms being filled with cigarette smoke to dialogue that is seemingly mirrored from their separate meetings, is a not bad(p)

Introduction To Social Work Practice

Introduction To Social Work PracticeA referral has been made by the PSNI because they be concerned about two sisterren gray 18 months and 4 years old following their attendance at an incident of domestic violence the previous Saturday evening. Area Child Protection committal (ACPC,2005, 9.25) state Child protection is all(prenominal)ones business . Gateway teams build been established within the five Health and Social Care Trusts in Northern Ireland, to be intimate with all referrals both from professionals and members of the public who are concerned about a pincers well being.Social work is a profession that embraces the principles of The Human Rights Act 1998(HRA). The Children come out (Northern Ireland) 1995 ( methodicalness 1995) underpins all aspects of the powers and duties of the mixer work mandate governed by social work law. The Northern Ireland Social Care Council (NISCC) formula of practice recoil profession good and values which are intertwined with law, societal values and are at the he machination of how proles conduct their practice.Article 66 of the Children Order places a duty on thespians to flowerpotvas all allegations or suspicions of abuse likely to cause trauma to a child. The Family Homes and DV (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 has been incorporated into the Children Order. Article 12 A, identifies the risk of harm to a child from witnessing DV, (Order, 1995). The social work role is to measure and intervene if a child is in urgency or at risk of signifi buttt harm.Article 17 of the Order defines a child in read as unlikely to achieve or maintain a reasonable standard of health or develop manpowert without the provision of assistances by the Health and Social Services Trust or if the child is disabled (Order, 1995).Upon recite of this referral the worker must allow time to tune in to the potential risks and appropriate action as a import of this information. The worker necessitate to contact the PSNI and clarify the details of the referral including the gruesomeness of the DV. Multi-agency working is a key function of social work in the area of child protection and fundamental to assessment of risk. Joint working protocols comprise between the PSNI and workers in Northern Ireland. The lone working policies acknowledge, violence against workers is not unheard of and the PSNI provide accompany the worker to enable them to carry out the sign assessment if needed. NI is a country emerging from conflict however, stereotypical attitudes and beliefs about the PSNI and some members of the community are deep rooted. The worker needs to assess how s/he can proceed safely.According to the Order 1995, the upbeat of the child is paramount. Social workers try to build positive relationships with parents and families. The Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights offers, protection for a persons private and family life, home and correspondence from arbitrary interference by the State, (www.your rights.org).An over authoritarian approach may be hasten to alienate parents but this does not mean the worker takes supererogatory risks regarding her take in or others safety, (NISCC, 2004, 4.3).The social worker is obliged to screen details of the people gnarled against the e-information system and the child protection register (CPR), for current or previous social service involvement. Names of the children need to be entered individually it is not unusual for one child in a family to be registered and another not. If the family or children have had previous involvement with social services and the case is now close the manual records need to be accessed and read. If the worker has any ambiguity about the interpretation of the information, clarity must be sought with the principal social worker or whoever is the relevant party.Workers are accountable for the quality of their work. (NISCC, 2004,6.0) At present the worker has no way of identifying the level of risk posed to these two children. DV is a contributory factor in half of all the beneficial case reviews and 75% of the cases on the child protection register. (Hester, et al.1998).When all background information is gather the worker needs to communicate her findings both in writing and verbally to the supervisor/team leader/manager, whom in turn has ultimate responsibility for prioritising the referral establish on the available information.Failure to follow the risk assessment policies and procedures and effectively use information can have fatal consequences for the service user. If this referral was to result in a child/ren getting harmed the social work could be held ainly culpable. Ignorance is not an excuse, (Stafford and Hardy 1996 cited Calder, 2003, p.8).Brearley, 1982, suggests risk is calculated by the likelihood of the variation of possible outcomesPast knowledge provides a reasonable basis for prediction of harm. Stafford and Hardy (1996 cited Calder, 2002, p.8.)The Children Ord er, Cooperating to Safeguard Children, 2003 and Our Children and Young People Our Shared Responsibility, 2006-2016 expresses the need for workers and all professionals to communicate. Partnership secernates the expertness of other professionals and agencies, including the parents when it comes to the protection of children. (NISCC, 2004,6.7)The ACPC form _or_ system of government states achild must be seen and spoken to by the worker within 24 hours and that an initial assessment of need is completed within 7 working days of receiving the referral (ACPC,2005,para 9.25).The worker will undertake the initial assessment with the family. Milner and O Byrne (2002) describe social work as a goal directed activity. The worker needs to know the possible impact of DV on the health and development of children this age and be able to recognise the signs and symptoms of abuse.The NISCC code of practice states a worker needs to adequately prepare and plan all aspects of work, (NISCC, 2004 6.4 ).According to Parker and Bradley, (2003) assessment is a balance between art and science. There are no scientific tools, which can predict human behaviour or eliminate risks totally. Social work training and education correspond social workers with the knowledge and skills to practice. (NISCC, 2004)The social work profession is grounded in the humanistic principles before any direct interaction takes place the worker needs to reflect on what the serious nature of what she is intending to do.In the area of child protection there is a considerable power imbalance between the worker and service user. The worker is effectively calling the competency of the parents into question. Workers could expect parents to be less than welcoming. It is hardly surprising given the invasiveness and instructiveness of the investigative role of child protection.People may feel intimidated and fearful that their children might be taken into care. This can result in hostility, anger and resentment towa rds the worker. (Adams, et al, 2009 p224).According to Farmer and Owen, (1995) Mullender, (1996) and (Mc Williams and Mc Kiernan (1995), DV is constantly about power and control. Their research is overwhelmingly based on male to female abuse but they do acknowledge the existence of violence against men and reciprocal violence. The worker needs to be consciously aware of this and respect the marginalized and vulnerable position of victim and abuser of DV. The worker needs to modify her take practice to address these issues sensitively and in a manner that will not further the oppression of the victim.Various trains of thought exist as to whether empathy is a character trait or a learned skill that develops through continuous practice but it is crucial that the worker understand the importance of the status of the service user. Schulman 1984(cited in Cournoyer. p.22) states,Preparatory empathy involves putting yourself in the clients shoes and trying to view the world through their eyes.Beckett and Maynard (2005) believe in the name of respect, parents have a right to know why their family is being investigated and why the worker wants to see and speak to their children. Informing the parents of their rights, including their right to complain, taking time to explain the investigation exhibit and taking time to actively listen to parents and encouraging them to express their views will at least go in some way to upholding public institutionalize and confidence in the social work profession. The involvement of the gateway worker will be time limited. If this family need further intervention the gateway worker needs to set the precedence for further social work involvement. If a family have a shun experience of one social worker they are likely to perceive all social workers to behave the identical. Cleaver, et al (1995) stresses the need for the worker to be open and honest from the start of the process, if any trust is to be established.Much of the assessm ent relies on participation of the parent, without which the worker will have great difficulty making an hi-fi assessment and as a result the children or the family may not get the support they need and the appropriate intervention to either meet their needs or keep them safe. (Parker and Bradley, 2003)In the pure tone of social reasonableice and ethical practice holding the balance between the safety of the children, the importance of family life to a child and the need to avoid unnecessary interference underpins every part of the Childrens Order as it applies in practice (Children Order, 1995).Professional ethics requires the worker to critical reflect at every peg of the process in order to think logically and learn sense of what is happening.Awareness of their own prejudices and discriminatory attitudes and a willingness to challenge them means the worker can begin to approach this family in a genuine and anti oppressive manner. According to Preston-Shoot and Agass (1990, p 38)reactions can be determined by the workers own personal register and current emotional experiences.A worker who has grown up in a home where DV has been an issue may have very different feelings compared to a social worker who has never had personal experience of DV.Workers have a professional duty under the NISCC codes of practices and in the interests of social justice not to just maintain but promote the dignity and worth of all services users. Banks (2006, p3) states, Professional values need to distinguish between personal values. If the worker has concerns she can explore them through supervision either with her team or senior.Pauline Hardiker has developed the single assessment framework tool for assessing the needs of children-Understanding Needs of Children in Northern Ireland (UNOCINI) tool. The UNOCINI adopts an holistic view to assessing the needs of children. It has three interlinked areas of assessment. The needs of the child, the capacity of their parents to meet their needs and the wider family and environmental factors, such as employment and housing issues are assessed as having an impact the childs life and well being. Our Young People Our Shared Responsibility, 2006-2016 is the Governments Ten Year Strategys pledge, which reflects the prevention through early intervention social policy ethos and parental responsibility and partnership principles of the Children Order are fundamental to the UNOCINI. Social workers have an ethical commitment, to promote social justice and equality to support parents in need, to bring up their children.The aim is early identification of need, purposeful intervention, with the objective of preventing difficulties escalating and promoting the strengths and resilience of the family. Threshold of needs correspond with risk. The thinking behind this is to promote a shared understanding between professionals to identify concerns, risk, needs and strengths, particularly in the area of communication. DV is cited i n threshold three of needs, (DHSSPSNI, 2007).Mullender et al, (2004) believes children face three risks the risk of observant traumatic events, the risk of being abused themselves, and the risk of being neglected.Jean Paiget (1896-1980) is instrumental in constructing the idea that healthy children develop through a serious of ordered sequences, known as milestones. No two children will follow exactly the same pattern but it would be reasonable to expect that a child of 18 months would be starting to talk, walk and explore their environment. A 4-year-old would be able to walk, talk in sentences, and be out of nappies. Osofsky, (2004,p4) stresses, Trauma ascribable to domestic violence interferes with a childs development. Mullender et al (2004) whilst agreeing with Osofsky suggests that protective factors, such as a supportive not violent adult, a placid temperament and the childs youthful age and lack of ability to full appreciate what is happening might help reduce the risks to children. She does point out that each child is different and will respond differently. Professional ethics and values of the social work profession emphases the need to get by each child as an individual (NISCC, 2004, 1.1).The key factors in the parenting and child domain are basic care, ensuring safety, emotional warmth, stimulation, guidance and boundaries and stability. (Howarth, 2004,p24)A report by Davenport in 1984 cited in Howarth (2004) discovered DV has a very negative impact on the mental health of the victim. Parents are more likely to respond with irritability and anger or fail to respond at all, transformation them emotionally unavailable to their children.Attachment theory believes that if a childs primary attachment is dam elderly in the first or second year of their life they are at significantly increased risk of developing problems later in life.Fahlberg (1991, p.64) statesThe primary task to be accomplished during the first year of life is for the luxuriate to develop trust in others and explore their environment children growing up in a violent household may be too frightened to show inquisitiveness.Humphreys et al (2006) explored the emotional turmoil of children drawn into participating in the violence leaving the child confused and afraid and the parent undermined as a valued human being in their own eyes and the in the eyes of the child.Humphreys has also drawn attention presumed attitudes that expect all mothers to love their children and treat them the same. The child that looks like the abuser or the child that is born as a result of rape may be more vulnerable to harm than the child who is none of these things.Maslows higher hierarchy of needs believes that a child needs to feel safe and have a sense of belongingness within their family if they are to achieve their full potential, (Hoghughi and Long, 2004). Without this they are unlikely to achieve their full potential.Smale and Tuson, (1993 cited Coulshed and Orme 1998) recom mend the exchange model where all people are seen as experts on their own problems and the emphasis is on the exchange of information rather than the worker being the expert.Listening is a core skill of any communication process. Social workers have been ridiculed in the past for their know it all approach, often leaving families stigmatised and traumatised because of their investigations but without any purposeful intervention.Lord Lamming (Laming report, 2003 cited in Wilson and James, 2008, p.254) following the death of Victoria Climbe, is gather in that theaim of communication with children or about children is to gain a comprehensive understanding of a day in the life of a child.Children may subscribe to through play. The worker could ask the child what TV programmes they watch or who makes dinner or puts them to bed. DV is not just about despotic people it involves controlling the household movements. The social worker needs to maintain vigilance for any visible signs of in jury and needs to ask the child what happened.Workers should engage parents at every stage of the process. The worker needs to ask the parents permission to share and collate the information however, regardless if they agree or not the information will need to be shared in the interest of child protection.All social work involvement needs to be proportionate to the age and developmental needs of the children and the nature and severity of the risks, concerns and strengths of the individual child and their respective family.Farmer and Owen, (1995, p79) has highlighted thatin the face of allegations couples often from a defensive alliance against outside agencies.They may have conflicting and confusing feelings of love and hate towards each other. Thompson,(2006) advised couples often have multiple truths of events and experiences. This advises the worker not to be drawn into giving personal judgements or opinions.Thompson,(2006) focuses on the personal, cultural and structural model of oppression, (PCS) which might explain why women do not leave. Dobash and Dobash, (1979 cited in Cleaver, 1999) suggest that on a personal level women feel shame and guilt they know their children are affected and they dont report DV or seek support because they fear they will not be believed or that they may be killed for reporting it. The impact of violence can lead to the woman feeling worthless and isolated.Culturally women are brought up from childhood to be caretakers, to comfort others and as a result of this they may believe that they are trustworthy for the abusers attacks, if they were a better wife, mother, cook, and then the violence would stop. The patriarchal nature of society often sees many women dependant for finance on a man. Thompson (2006) remarks, bring a child up in poverty is not unattainable but it is hard.Structurally, the lack of affordable housing and a lack of confidence in the legal system are barriers that prevent women from leaving an abusive part ner. Family Homes and DV (Northern Ireland) Order 1998,Article 29 gives courts the power to remove an suspected abuser from the family home instead of removing the children. (Children Order, 1995) but this does not guarantee safety.The new Government have warned of social welfare cut backs the worker has to balance the needs of the family against available scarce recourses. Banks (2003 p101) states,a worker needs to be able to challenge agency policies and practicesProfessional code of ethics along with education will have a role to play in this.A worker needs time to complete an accurate assessment. Heavy caseloads and a lack of resources have contributed to failure to protect in the past.Empowerment is about actively finding ways that the victim can make use of intervention to help themselves move towards the survivor role and care and their children without the support of the state.ConclusionAccurate, precise recording are vitally important to child protection and helps build the picture of childrens lives. The risks and strengths posed to them will provide the basis for shared understanding, analysis, decision-making and plans about the children and their family.The social worker on the Gateway team is responsible for drawing all the strands of information together. Health visitors, GP, PSNI, extended family all hold key pieces of information that could protect these children. The Gateway team is responsible for convening the initial case conference. All stakeholders need to contribute.Similar treads of poor communication, lack of interagency working and inaccurate recording, has consistently reappeared throughout Serious Case Reviews. In 1973 Maria Colwell aged 7 was beaten to death by her stepfather. In 2007 Arthur Mc Enhill set fire to his home killing his whole family, 7 in total and the same year 17month old Peter Connolly died after suffering horrific abuse. Domestic violence was a key feature in all of these tragedies.Pemberton, (2010, p17) advises, Patterns in social history and behaviour can be detected and something, which may appear insignificant in isolation, can be identified as a key warning sign in contextWord Count 3244

Advertisements Information Or Manipulation Media Essay

Advertisements Information Or Manipulation Media EssayThese atomic number 18 some of the common adverts that we fucking see and hear in our everyday life. Advertisement according to oxforddictionaries.com means that a notice or announcement in a public strong suit promoting a product, service, or event or publicizing a job vacancy. Advertisements argon everywhere around us. Whether we noticed it or not, it has been long existed. In event in Egyptian date, they used papyrus to impart sales messages and wall posters to lure the consumers. With todays advancement of the media, the numbers of magazines increasing, newspapers, TVs and radio stations, people be bombarded with thousands of advertising daily. announce is in fact important because it creates awargonness to the consumers about products that ar available in the commercialise. With the presence of the advertisement, it helps to affix the demand for a certain products. It also allow the consumer to choose from a numb er of products available in the market. But does all these advertisement really give the schooling to the consumers or just plain evasive action to manipulate us to buy or use the services?A lot of the advertisements nowadays are actually manipulating us rather than self-aggrandizing us the real information. The advertisers are in fact intelligent people. They subsist that normal advertisements that only contain facts are plain boring and seem dull. Therefore they created fantasies to make the advertisement look much appealing. We can clearly see that most advertisement created used our desire, such as sports, sexy women and superstars so that we become attracted and remember to purchase them. As an example this one commercial about adeodorant, AXE, that be use by this man. After he uses it, he is able to attract hot and sexy women towards him. People are being trick by such advertisement and they started to buy these products. After they put it on, they feel as they are the same as in the commercial. This clearly shows that they are playing with our emotions. Think wisely why they use such act. Does this have connections with the quality of the product they dethaw to the market? We consumers should be to a greater extent cautious to the method used in say to prevent us from being manipulated by the advertisers.Be alert that the advertisers worldwide are succeeding in fashioning people change their lifestyle. In this case, they know that popular artist can play their role in making people especially their fans to follow their way. For example popular artist from Japan, Gazette. Their appearances clothes that they are wearing and their hairstyle, are so cool that many fan refractory to follow their style. By using such influence, most people dont mind in spending their money just to be same as their idol. Doing this patient of of advertisements is in fact quite expensive. However, they are prepared to spend a lot of money in the advertising so tha t they can sell their products. It has been estimated that the hurt of a product may go up over to 40% due to advertisement costs. Still, due to the success of manipulating the consumers, the advertisers get a lot of money. As an example, according to Welt-Online, they reported that the US pharmaceutical industry spent almost double the amount on advertising (57.7 one million million million dollars) than it did on research (31.5 billion dollars). Yet few consumers noticed that they are the ones paying for every cent the US pharmaceutical spent for public relations, advertisements, rebates,packaging since they ordinarily get include in the price calculation. In the end the consumers will pay more to them while the advertisers gain more profits.Another interesting fact is that they also know how to attract people according their age group. In one case, they try to persuade a group of age between below 8 geezerhood old. According to American Psychological Association, they found ou t that progeny children are unable to understand and interpret televised advertising messages wisely and thus are probable to consider commercials as truthful, accurate and unbiased. This can lead to many problems interchangeable unhealthy eating habits as evidenced by todays youth obesity epidemic. The young children also being targeted as they can also persuade their parents to buy the amours that they are being attracted to akin toys, sweets and ice cream. One successful commercial like the car models from Hot Wheels where they had successfully sell thousands of their toys. As the children are unable to think wisely it is more likely easier to manipulate them by putting more of what they desire in the advertisement rather than supplying information. On one research, it is found that advertisers had spent more than $12 billion a year on messages aimed at the youth market. The average child watches more than 40,000 television commercials a year. This clearly shows just how the y are willing to spend money in order manipulate the consumers rather than giving them much more useful information.The young ones are also not the only one being targeted by the advertisers. Todays adolescences are also being seduced by them. Most male adolescence love sports especially football. The advertisers take this chance by using the football stars in their commercial tomarket their product. It is likely of us nowadays to follow our idol way. No wonder some brands become top in their games as they are able to increase their selling products and gain more profit. One example of one popular brand company, Nike, where they hired Lebron James, a professional NBA player to be one of their ambassadors. The effeminate adolescences also being manipulate by the advertisement. Not being biased but the female is most likely easy to be trick by certain advertisement. Just see how many women are willing to spend their money and time just for shopping. Younger women especially in Malays ia nowadays are attracted and had followed the Japanese style which also known as the Harajuku style that have been started by some of the popular artist like Ayumi Hamasaki and Kumi Koda.It is likely of them to answer like thisWell, this is the latest trend for the season.They buy things like clothes that are being considered popular for the season. Rather than What should I wear today? it has become What trend must(prenominal) I wear for today?. Not only just clothing, even other things like hairstyle, shoes and even skin color are being considered. It makes us set our mind that it is more important to look good rather than the real purpose of wearing clothes. This proves that advertisement manipulate rather than giving information.The advertisers also use tactics like the linking of sporting heroes and smoking through sports sponsorship, the use of cigarettes by popular characters in television programs and cigarette promotions. Like what is fortuity in India, as the actors smo ke, the viewer intend to do the same thing as they feel it is macho to smoke. People rarely think deeply on the effect that might be faced by them on long term side as they think only for short time. Same thing goesto other products like alcohol drinks. The consumption of alcohol is being glamorized and shown without consequences in advertisements, music, magazines, television programs and even in movies. With the media overwhelmed by these kind of advertisements, no wonder more people especially the youngster below aged drink, even though the fact that alcohol bring harmful to the human body.Not all advertisement told the truth. Some of it sometimes hides the real information or facts that are supposed to be told to the consumers. In fact they are just sweet talk so that people will be attracted to what they offer. For example advertisement about shampoo that can make the hair smooth and straight. As nowadays people are eager to have such hair, they are easily influence by these ki nd of commercial and purchase the product without knowing the fact whether it really do make the hair to be as what they desire for or just bluffing. On top of hiding the real information they also send a hazy fact to the consumers. Just like a fog or mist that we encounter in the early morning, we cant see clearly of what we are facing in front of us. We are not sure whether it is safe or danger in front of us. This implies just the same as the blurry advertisement. It may be good for us and it may be the opposite.In summary, advertisement do contain both information and at the same time trying to manipulate the consumers. However based on the points given earlier, it clearly shows that most advertisement are actually manipulating the consumer rather than giving them full information on certain things. To prevent this from happening, the government should regulate on which advertisements are appropriate to be shown in the mass media so that less consumers are being trick by these kind of advertisement. Still, it is up to the consumers to be alert on what is happening so that they would be cheated easily by some advertisements.Work Cited advert, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising retrieved 7 SeptemberCriticism of Advertising, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_advertisingretrieved 9 SeptemberADVERTISING Information or Manipulation? http//www.youthkiawaaz.com/2010/05/advertising-information-or-manipulation/ retrieved 9 SeptemberInformation or Manipulation? Regulators Urged to Further Limit Ads Aimed at Children http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A659-2004Feb23.htmlretrieved 12 SeptemberADVERTISEMENTSManipulation of innocent people http//isariamwende.blogspot.com/2005/05/advertisements-manipulation-of.htmlretrieved 14 SeptemberPower of advertising http//thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2010/4/13/lifefocus/6018920sec=lifefocusretrieved 14 September

Analysis of Pepsi Co in India

Analysis of Pepsi Co in IndiaPepsiCo is the largest snack and non alcoholic beverage manufacturing teleph starr in the world. Its output range includes grain found snacks, change and non- carbonated beverages and foods. It operates through four operating components Frito-Lay wedlock America (FLNA), PepsiCoBeverages North America (PBNA), PepsiCo International (PI) and Quaker Foods North America (QFNA).It sells its returns in 200 countries with major trading operations in the US, Canada, Mexico and the UK. It distributes its firebranded products through multi channels such as direct stores, broker wargonhouses, food service centers and vending machines.PepsiCo in IndiaPepsiCo entered India in 1988 and concentrated on three focus areas soft drink, snack foods and food processing. PepsiCo got permit to import cola conecnterate and to sell soft drink under Pepsi tag in Indian grocery and in return to export juice concenterate from Punjab.Main objective put forward was To prom ote the development and export of Indian made and agro ground products and to foster the introduction and development of PepsiCo products in India.Pepsico entered in India in the form of joint venture with PAIC holding 36.11%, voltas 24%, PepsiCo holding 36.89%.ISSUESPepsiCo was coupled with the punjab card. They made plastered commitments to Indian cental government.PepsiCo specifically supported national priorities in area like export and agriculture. Some of the commitments are as follows1) the project give produce employment for cholecalciferol00 peope nationally, including 25000 jobs in Punjab alone.2) 74% of total investment pass on be in food and agro processing.25% will be in manufacturing of soft drinks.3) PepsiCo will bring advanced technology in food processing and provide thrust by marketing Indian products abroad and giving them worldwide market.4) 50% of total production will be exported.5) an agro research center will be established by PepsiCo with ICAR and PAU .6) no foreign brand conjure will e used for domestic sales.7)export import ratio will be 51.FAILED COMMITMENTSWithin few course of instructions pepsi was recorded as one of non meekness companies that did not fulfill the commitments it made to Indian government. The confederation nowhere met its obligations.On September 4,1991 george fernandes said that Pepsi co has failed to meet its commitments and the confederacy became a challenge to the government.The failed commitments are as follows1)EMPLOYMENT COMMITMENTEmployment generated by PepsiCo1990-911991-92directindirectdirectFood processing1699903170Administration117432179Bottling49715115560Total78325450909Source data taken from balance sheets of pepsi foods ltd.Pepsico by 1996 join ond the employment figure to 2400 which was just 3% of the commitment made.Branch name commitmentPepsi committed not to use its brand name pepsi in india. During first year pepsi used Indian brand name Lehar pepsi bt with the introduction of new policy in 1991 pepsi immediately changed its drink name from lehar pepsi to pepsi.Export commitmentPepsi commited that 50% total product will be exported but instead of exporting its own products it exported basmati rice, tea, leather productsAgro research centerNo agro research center was established.PepsiCo, Inc., tog out AnalysisStrengths WeaknessesStrong gain ProspectsEfficient Use of ResourcesExpanding Operating MarginDeclining Market Share inSectorOverdependence on FewCustomersGeographical ConcentrationOpportunities ThreatsHuge Potential in theEmerging MarketsIncreasing Bottled WaterMarketGrowing Organic FoodsMarketHighly belligerent MarketPrivate Label Brands GainingMomentumGlobal Economic ConditionsPepsiCo, Inc.PepsiCo, Inc.- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review Reference Code GDCPG35119FSAPage 2PepsiCo, Inc. SWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis OverviewPepsiCo, Inc. (PepsiCo) is one of the leading snack and beverage companies in the world. Dominant market position anddiversif ied brand portfolio are its strengths. Further, the rebellion demand for bottled piddle and strategic acquisitions couldensure a strong future. However, poor profitability and overdependence on a few customers are areas of concern to thecompany. Highly emulous market and growing demand for private articulate products coupled with global economicalslowdown could also impede the companys crop.PepsiCo, Inc. StrengthsStrength Strong Growth ProspectsThe company was trading at a price/earnings (P/E) ratio of 16.16 at the end of fiscal year 2009. This was above the SP500 companies average* of 9.2. A higher(prenominal) than SP 500 companies average P/E may indicate that the company may havehigh growth prospects which is reflected in its stocks premium pricing. Investors may be expecting higher earnings growthin the future compared to other companies in the SP 500 index.Strength Efficient Use of ResourcesThe companys return on equity (ROE) was 35.4% for fiscal year 2009. This was ab ove the SP 500 companies average*of 12.9%. A higher than SP 500 companies average* ROE may indicate that the company is efficiently using the regionholders gold and that it is generating high returns for its shareholders compared to other companies in the SP500 index.Strength Expanding Operating MarginThe companys operating bound was 18.61% for the fiscal year 2009. This was above the SP 500 companies average* of14.7%. A higher than SP 500 companies average* operating margin may indicate efficient cost management or a strongpricing system by the company. The companys operating profit was USD 8,044.00 million during the fiscal year 2009, anincrease of 15.59% over 2008 while the net profit was USD 5,946.00 million, an increase of 15.64% over 2008. Theoperating margin has increased 252 basis points (bps) over 2008, which may indicate managements high focus onimproving profitability.Strength Strong RD ActivitiesPepsiCo has a strong RD arm that focuses on motley activities, which c ould help the company in cost reduction andprocess improvement, quality assurance, process control, and system development. The company also places emphasison evolution new manufacturing methods, improving on the existing manufacturing processes, new product developingand improving the existing products. For the fiscal year 2008, the company spent USD 388 million on its RD initiatives,against USD 364 million in 2007. Thus, such a strong focus on RD activities provides the company with an edge over itscompetitors in generating higher operational performances. New product and technology innovations also strengthen thecompanys innovating capabilities and provide a source of future taxs for the company.Strength Diversified Brand PortfolioPepsiCo boasts of a broad brand portfolio in the beverages and snacks categories, which helps it cater to the diverseneeds of its customer base. The top 18 brands of the company generate USD 1 billion or more than each in annual sell sales.Some of the major brands offered by the company include Pepsi, luck Dew, dieting Pepsi, Gatorade, Tropicana PurePremium, Aquafina irrigate, Sierra Mist, Mug, Tropicana juice drinks, Propel, SoBe, Slice, Dole, Tropicana Twister andTropicana Seasons Best. This diversified brand portfolio of the company provides it with the economic stability and anedge in attracting and retaining a diverse customer base. It also helps the company to mitigate the risks associated withoverdependence on a particular brand or product category.Strength Dominant Market PositionPepsiCo enjoys a leading market position that helps it attract and serve a diverse customer base. The company is one ofthe leading snack and beverage companies in the world. It is engaged in manufacturing, marketing and sale of a variety ofsalty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and foods. The companysells its products in more than 200 countries. It is the market leader in the US savory sna cks market with a market share ofabout 39%. It is also the leader in the US liquid refreshment beverage category with a market share of 25%. Furthermore,the company occupied 52nd position in the Fortune 500 rankings in 2009. The Frito-Lay brand is the worlds leadingmanufacturer of snacks. This dominant market position helps the company diversify its risks associated with the cyclicalnature of most of these markets and puts the company at an expediency over its rivals while expanding its product epithelial ducts.PepsiCo, Inc.PepsiCo, Inc.- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review Reference Code GDCPG35119FSAPage 3PepsiCo, Inc. WeaknessesWeakness Declining Market Share in SectorThe companys compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for revenue was 7.34% during 2005-2009. This was below the SP500 companies average* of 11.1%. Further, the company cut acrossed revenue of USD 43,232.00 million during the fiscal yearended December 2009, a decrease of 0.04% from 2008. A lower than SP 500 compa nies average* revenue CAGR mayindicate that the company has underperformed the average SP 500 companies growth and lost market share over the lastfour years. The companys underperformance could be attributed to a weak competitive position or inferior products andservices crack or lack of innovative products and services.Weakness Overdependence on Few CustomersOverdependence on a few customers has been a major area of concern to the company. A prodigious portion of thecompanys revenues are generated from few customers. For instance, in 2008, sales to Wal-Mart and Sams West, Inc.represented 12% of the companys net revenue. The top five retail customers represented about 32% of its 2008 NorthAmerican net revenue, of which Wal-Mart (including Sams) accounted for about 18%. The loss of one or more of the topcustomers in any of these segments could have a material adverse effect on the results of these segments. Due tooverdependence on a few customers, the company may not be able to f ind suitable alternatives to sell its products in time ifany of these customers is unable to buy the products on terms favorable to the company.Weakness Geographical ConcentrationPepsiCos overdependence on the US market for its revenues exposes the company to various risks associated withgeographical concentration. Though PepsiCo has operations in various geographic regions, a majority of its revenues stillcomes from the US. During the fiscal year 2008, the company generated 52% of its total revenue from the US region.Further, during the fiscal year 2009, PepsiCo generated over 71% of its revenues from North America. This dependence onthe US could doctor its operational and financial performance in the outlet of any economic, political or climatic change. Italso could restrict its market share and growth opportunities.PepsiCo, Inc. Opportunitiesluck Huge Potential in the Emerging MarketsThe company could benefit from the growing markets in the Asia Pacific region. According to the World Bank, the GDPgrowth rate of high income countries came down from 2.6% in 2007 to 0.4% in 2008. The economies of these countries are evaluate to have contract by 3.3% in 2009. Despite the global economic slowdown, the emerging and developingeconomies recorded a GDP growth rate of 8.1%, 5.6% and 1.2% during 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. Growth in theEast Asia and Pacific region (especially China) as well as in South Asia (especially India) has been resilient. This wasmainly due to the massive fiscal stimulus megabucks in China and Indias skillful macroeconomic management. Chinas GDPgrew at 9% in 2008 and 8.4% in 2009, while Indias grew at 6.1% and 6% respectively, during the period. The growingeconomy in these countries has generated new employment opportunities for the residents and has provided a boost totheir earnings. Rise in disposable income has changed their buying behavior. Now more and more people are buying prodigality and lifestyle goods unlike in the past w hen they used to confine their spending to basic necessities. Customers in theemerging countries are becoming more brand aware and prefer to buy branded goods. With competition at its peak andmarkets getting saturated, the company can look out for new growth avenues in these regions.Opportunity Increasing Bottled Water MarketThe strong growth in the bottled water market is emerging as a major boon for the company. The global bottled waterindustry has been witnessing strong growth over the past few years, especially in the US. Bottled water is sold mostly in theindustrialized countries where it costs among USD 500 and USD 1,000 per cubic meter, compared to USD 0.50 formunicipal water in states such as California, US. With the strong profitability offered by the segment, many players havestarted foraying into the bottled water business. The demand for bottled water has also been on the rise in emergingcountries. PepsiCos established presence in the bottled water segment, along wit h its strong brand image puts thecompany at a competitive edge over its rivals in attracting and retaining a loyal customer base. The strong distributionne twainrk also helps the company to cater to a geographically diverse customer base.Opportunity Growing Organic Foods MarketThe company has a significant opportunity to grow as the demand for natural food is set to rise by an average of 18% inthe US by 2010, according to the Organic Trade Association (OTA). Rising wellness consciousness in the US has made theorganic foods segment one of the fastest growing segments in the food retailing industry. Though, the organic foodsegment represented a mere 2.8% of the US food and beverage market, the organic food market in the region generatedUSD 21.2 billion in 2007. According to a recent report from the OTA, the global demand for organic products has beengrowing at USD 5 billion a year. PepsiCo offers its all natural and organic product line under the Tropicana and Quakerbrands in the US . The company can thus capitalize on its distribution network and organic food offerings to increase itsmarket share and revenues.PepsiCo, Inc.PepsiCo, Inc.- Financial and Strategic Analysis Review Reference Code GDCPG35119FSAPage 4Opportunity Strategic AcquisitionsStrategic acquisitions offer a strong growth opportunity for the company, especially while foraying into new markets orlaunching new products or services. The company has grown over the years by acquiring or merging with some of themajor brands like Frito Lays, Quaker Oats, Gamesa and Sabritas. Further, in October 2009, the companys Pepsi BottlingVentures, LLC signed a Letter of Intent to acquire the assets of Pepsi Cola Bottling Company of Conway-Myrtle Beach,Inc., the Pepsi-Cola franchise bottler based in Conway, South Carolina. Earlier, in August 2009, PepsiCo Inc. entered intodefinitive merger agreements with its two largest bottlers, The Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc. (PBG) and PepsiAmericas, Inc.(PAS). Under the agreem ent, PepsiCo will acquire all of the outstanding shares of common stock of these two bottlers.Currently, the company owns 33% and 43% of the outstanding shares of PBG and PAS respectively. During the sameperiod, the company also announced an agreement to acquire Brazils largest coconut water company, Amacoco NordesteLtda. and Amacoco Sudeste Ltda. (Amacoco). Earlier, in April 2008, PepsiCo acquired the UK based vitamin water brand,V Water. These mergers and acquisitions offer a steady revenue source, apart from geographical expansion for thecompany.PepsiCo, Inc. ThreatsThreat Highly Competitive MarketGrowing competition could impact the business operations of the company. The company faces stiff competition from thevarious companies that are in the business of beverages, snack and food products. Key competitors include General Mills,Inc., Groupe Danone, Hershey Foods Corporation, come near S.A., Coca-Cola Company, The Procter Gamble Company,The Kraft Foods, Inc., National Bevera ge Corp., Jones Soda Co. and Kellogg Company. away from the established playersin the developed countries, the players from emerging countries too are competing hard to garner utmost market sharein their respective regions. If the company fails to maintain product quality and consumer loyalty, this intense competitioncould reduce the sales volume of the company, thereby hampering its market position.Threat Private Label Brands Gaining MomentumThe growing demand for private label products has been a major area of concern to the company. According to a report bythe Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries of the EU (CIAA), there is a shift in the consumer spending towardsprivate label products. Also, it is observed that the private label products have reached as high as 48% in traditionalretailers and 94% in discounters. In the UK, almost all the top 30 retailers witnessed an increase in the private label sharein 2008. Private labels may become even more popular due to the cu rrent economic slowdown. Apart from low prices, theincreasing quality of private label products has been driving away the sales of branded products. Thus PepsiCo faces amajor challenge from these private label manufacturers in sustaining its growth.Threat Global Economic ConditionsThe company faces a major challenge in sustaining its revenue growth due to the slowdown in the global economy,especially the US. The banks have tightened their credit lending process thereby affecting the consumers shopping ability.Even the market volatility concerns have made them shop yet for basic and essential goods, thereby creating a majorchallenge to the goods manufacturers whose sales have been on the decline. According to The World Bank, overall globalGDP contracted by 2.2% in 2009, with 1.2% growth rate in the developing economies well below the 5.6% growth rate in2008. In 2009, the GDP growth in the US weakened to -2.4% while in the Eurozone, GDP contracted more sharply by 3.9%from 0.5% in 2 008. Further, the global output is expected to expand by 2.7% in 2010, and 3.2% in 2011 still below the 5%generated in 2007. Thus, adverse economic conditions could adversely affect the demand for the companys products,which poses a major challenge to the company in sustaining its revenue growth.Growth strategiesTransforming its beverage portfolioPepsiCo sought to transform its beverage portfolio by increasing the health andwellness quotient of its products through RD. It has strengthened. its carbonated softdrinks (CSDs) segment, comprised of Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Mountain Dew. In 2007, itlaunched Diet Pepsi Max in the US. It is a zero calorie energy drink and targets youngmen. It also introduced the high caffeine Mountain Dew Game Fuel in 2008, aimed atvideo gamers. PepsiCo has also introduced new carbonated juice drinks such as Izze,which is free of caffeine, refined sugars and artificial ingredients and is by naturesweetened with fruit juice. Izze fruit juices primarily target s carbonates customers whowant alternatives to artificially sweetened soft drinks.Growth through partnershipsPepsiCo concentrates on partnerships and joint ventures to expand its operations. In2007, it broad the scope of its partnerships with Starbucks and Unilever on RTDbeverages, and is expanding into other categories through acquisitions. In January2008, it announced plans to acquire Penelopa nuts and seeds in Bulgaria, and in 2006,it purchased Duyvis nuts business. Also In 2006, the company entered the flavour snacksbusiness in New Zealand with the acquisition of Bluebird Foods, and expanded itssnacks business in Brazil with the purchase of Lucky snacks.

Server Side Processing :: Free Essay Writer

Server Side ProcessingA meshwork is a group of two or more computer systems sharing work and interacting in some manner. In most cases, this interaction is accomplished through a shared communication link, with the shared components being data. Put simply, a network is a collection of machines that have been linked both physically and through software components to soothe communication and the sharing of information. The Internet is, literally, a network of networks. It is make of thousands of inter machine-accessible networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to humble PCs in peoples homes and offices. The Internet has become a very important encyclopaedism tool. It is used for day-to-day activities, such as a place to look up research, a method of getting in touch with friends and family, and somewhere to go to find information about almost anything imaginable. The most popular uses of the Internet incl ude entertainment and education. The objective of this paper is to constructively discuss and show the many a(prenominal) components of the internet such as Server Side Processing, Client Side Display, Java Servlets, ASP, CGI, and more.The phrase server side processing (SSP) refers to what is commonly called SSI or server-parsed html, or a number of other things. These refer to when the server parses the HTML file, looking for strings that cause it to add content or remove from the HTML that is expiration to be delivered to the client. Typical uses for SSP are including the current date, the date the file was generated, the clients login name, visitor counters, or selecting alternative text based on the HTTP headers of the request. This representation that web applications on the other end of the wire from the web browser is a web server. The web server is the entry point to the Middleware work. The purpose of the Middleware Layer is to accept incoming requests and process the m, using the resources provided by the web server, the machine that the web server runs on, or by the network of servers and resources that the web server is connected to. For example, one of the most basic functions of a Web server is distributing HTML files. In this case, a web browser requests a given HTML file from the web server. In response, the web server will find the given file on the local (or networked) file system and send it back to the browser.

Free Essays - Seamus Heaneys Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

Seamus Heaneys Beowulf     Having a good and noble king is vital to the succession and gratification of a group of nation. Unfortunately, not all kings be good kings, but the welfare of their people reflects on their ability to do the job. Having a foreign or pariah king will cause the peoples welfare to suffer, but when a group of people has an excellent king, they will remain joyful and prosperous until the twenty-four hours he dies.   If the reign of a king causes feud, then this would not have a positive effect on the group of people under his reign. In Seamus Heaneys Beowulf, Hrothgar, king of Denmark, considers giving his kingship to Beowulf, the Geat warrior who came to Denmark in order to defeat Grendel, who is the devilish monster attacking the Danes, as a service to King Hrothgar. When Queen Wealtheow, King Hrothgars wife, hears of this, she says to him, The intelligence activity is that you want to adopt this warrior as a son. So, while you bask in your fortune, and then bequeath kingdom and nation to your kith and kin before decease. I am sure of Hrothulf (183.1175-9). By saying this, she is warning her husband about what problems may arise if he were to give his kingship to a foreigner. She then reminds Hrothgar of Hrothulfs distinguished traits and that he is in like manner stripping his own sons of their rights to kingship if he goes through with handing the throne over to Beowulf. Wealtheow is most likely worried about Beowulf just simply conquering their people for Geatland, the people not liking his foreign methods, she obviously does not want to take kingship rights from her beloved relatives whom she considers worthy of the role, and does not want to see friction occur amid Beowulf and their kin. Wealtheow knows that allowing a foreigner to take over the throne of Denmark will cause the welfare of the Danes to suffer.   When a king goes bad, his people lose respect in him, are no longer cont ent and successful as a people, and are likely to rebel against him. Hrothgar says to Beowulf, Do not give way to pride(121.1760). He is explaining to Beowulf that excessive pride is a kings worst enemy.