Children asthma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Children asthma - Research Paper Example Children with acute exacerbation of asthma are frequently seen in out-patient settings and emergency rooms. They are administered bronchodilators like albuterol to cause relief of symptoms. Albuterol is administered either through metered dose inhalers-spacer or jet nebulizer. Metered dose-inhaler spacer is an efficient and useful method of delivering albuterol for bronchodilatation. It delivers the drug quickly and can cause effects in few seconds. Delivery of the drug can be optimized using suitable mask. On the other hand nebulization is also an effective tool to deliver the drug. It is however cumbersome and needs atleast 15 minutes for one dose administration. The most commonly used delivery systems for asthma are nebulizers, dry-powder inhalers and metered dose inhalers with or without spacers (Smith and Goldman, 2012). In children less than 5 years of age, it is not possible to generate adequate inspiratory inflow and hence, effective use of dry-powder inhaler devices is not p ossible. Whether to use metered dose inhalers or nebulizers in acute exacerbation of asthma in children is a much debated topic. The main advantage with nebulizer is that the drug can be delivered even without the cooperation of the child. However, during this mechanism, only less than 10 percent of the aerosolized drug reaches the lungs (Smith and Goldman, 2012). The remaining drug gets deposited in the nebulization system or on the face or is lost to the surrounding regions. On the other hand upto 40 percent of the drug can be deposited in the lungs with metered dose inhalers. In infants and young children, the main difficulty in using metered dose inhalers is lack of coordination in triggering and inhaling the drug (Smith and Goldman, 2012). To overcome these aspects, spacers and masks are used. Spacers are able to eliminate the need for coordination in metered dose inhalers. The spacers have a valve "with the particular advantage of allowing aerosol to move out of the chamber at inhalation but holding particles in the chamber during exhalation" (Smith and Goldman, 2012). In this research essay, whether nebulizer or metered dose inhaler with spacer is a suitable method for administering albuterol therapy in children will be discussed through review of suitable literature. The research is made through PICO format and the steps involved in arriving at the evidence will be discussed. PICO Format When clinical decisions are made based on appropriate scientific evidence, it is nown as evidence-based practice. According to McKibbon (1998), "Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an approach to health care wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible, i.e. the most appropriate information available, to make clinical decisions for individual patients. EBP values, enhances and builds on clinical expertise, knowledge of disease mechanisms, and pathophysiology. It involves complex and conscientious decision-making based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences." The most critical exercise for evidence-based practice is literature review. This can be done by approapriate search strategy and by creating a

Leadership Ethics and Diversity Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Ethics and Diversity - Case Study Example Again the Executive Leader could have also worked in helping Michael get leave on medical grounds. This policy would have helped the company in reducing the level of disturbances gained owing to the behavioral conducts of Michael and similarly would have helped Michel in leading a tension and stress free life being way from the workplace. However adequate privacy should be held pertaining to the medical information of Michael gained in the course such that it does not lead to any kind of embarrassment. Thus rather than treating him to be disabled the acts should work in understanding how to ease the situation for Michael and thereby effectively accommodate him in the concern (Harvey and Allard, 2008, p.265). This stance would have helped Harvard from countering any Discrimination Suit such that Michael would have felt to have been cared for by his superiors. Again the above case would have helped in gaining Michael back to work with effective treatment conducted. Case 2 The Executive Leader duly appointed would have worked to make the passengers understand and honor the religious sentiments of the Muslims through rendering of examples in which an activity conducted would have affected the latter’s religious sentiments. Justification of the religious sentiments of the Muslim cab drivers would have helped in abolishing the mental conflicts pertaining to the same between the cab drivers and passengers. The Executive Leader must endeavor to enhance the religious position and sentiments of both the parties to the issue and also must act in enhancing the number of cabs not driven by Muslim drivers in the region (Harvey and Allard, 2008, p. 265). Case 3 In this case the Executive Leader should have worked in creating an intervention program to treat Brown’s problem of Sleep Apnea to effectively increase his efficiency at the workplace rather than working on termination standards. Thus firstly the Executive Leader would work in identifying the level of ps ychiatric ailment pertaining to Brown through the assistance of a psychiatrist appointed by the company. This psychiatrist can work to evaluate the history and the medical help gained till now at the personal level by Brown. Such intervention process coupled by steady documentation would help the company management gain adequate knowledge of the present condition of the Sleep Apnea aliment of Brown. Depending on such knowledge the company can adequately change the work environment for Brown by temporarily putting Brown on leave or relocating him to other departments. The Executive Leader must also work in getting feedback and information from time to time relating to the level of revival gained in by Brown through such medical interventions carried out. Feedbacks can be gained both at the personal and at the medical level by consulting with Brown and the psychiatrists respectively. This intervention process needs to be carried on till the time the psychiatrists consider him fit to r ejoin the duty of ‘Emergency Dispatcher’ (Harvey and Allard, 2008, p.265). The above intervention program carried out by the Executive Leader would help in enhancing the level of commitment and loyalty of Brown towards the

Using 3D photogrammetry to monitor a simplex tensegrity structure's Assignment

Using 3D photogrammetry to monitor a simplex tensegrity structure's deformation - Assignment Example The example dwells on a mesh reflector. The mesh reflector is extensively used for apertures space aerial systems that are large due to their light weight and are packed easily and compactly. The reflector’s radio frequency exterior comprises of a mesh with reflective faces. It is bound from interlaced thin wires that are electrically conductive. This wires are made from molybdenum that are gold plated having diameters of 0.03mm. The mesh is extended over a net of cable that is made of composite filaments that are stiff and unidirectional, glued to a structure. The reflective exterior comprises of elements that due to their flexibility can be folded with ease. The accuracy mostly lies on the cable net’s shape. There are two major conceptual designs that can be spotted. The first design is based on partition of parabolic exterior in gores that get support from radial cables or radial ribs glued to an external ring. The second design is takes into consideration a separation of surfaces in facets that are flat formed by cable net tensioned using forces that are applied at each junction node. The concept has been borrowed from Miura who developed the concept of tension truss. Many large antennas that use this concept of tension truss have been launched and tested for instance Astromesh reflector and space radio telescope. The same concept has also been studied by a man called Tibert. He used the concept in designing an antenna that was based on tensegrity structure (Tibert 2002). Tension that is fairly uniform and isotropic in a reflective mesh makes sure that there is a good conductivity of electricity and RF reflectivity. The tension of the mesh should be adequate to withhold lateral accelerations that are greater than the ones having experience in orbit with no harsh distortion of the surface of the reflector. Tensions of mesh from 5N/m have been frequently used. Higher tension often

Modern Methods of Construction in Housing Dissertation

Modern Methods of Construction in Housing - Dissertation Example After the World War I and II, the demand of prefabricated housing came to its peak. Moreover, in 1960s this demand also got speedy turn during the time period of the clearance process of slum areas. In 20th century, about one million prefabricated houses were constructed. However, many among these were designed as temporary. There were many drawbacks in these houses and they did not receive positive feedback and attitudes from people. Initially, issues arose over the quality of material used in building process. Beside those, the workmanship was also very poor. However, these houses have continued to be used in UK for hotels, hospitals and schools as well as for residence and housing purposes in many other countries. As far as modern methods of construction MMC is related, it is quite a new term that reflects technical and scientific improvements regarding prefabrication. This method of construction includes a wide range of methods that are used on and off sites time to time. Modern methods of construction in housing focus on the modern and innovative methods, building products and construction systems. This modern and more advanced methodology are incorporated in construction process through various techniques. For example, steel framing, timber framing, insulated concrete forms, structured insulated panel system, decent and affordable housing, sustainable buildings and drainage system in urban areas etc. The basic objectives behind modern method of construction involve the promotion of better quality designs. ... Moreover, in 1960s this demand also got speedy turn during the time period of the clearance process of slum areas. In 20th century, about one million prefabricated houses were constructed. However, many among these were designed as temporary. There were many drawbacks in these houses and they did not receive positive feedback and attitudes from people. Initially, issues arose over the quality of material used in building process. Beside those, the workmanship was also very poor. However, these houses have continued to be used in UK for hotels, hospitals and schools as well as for residence and housing purposes in many other countries. As far as modern methods of construction MMC is related, it is quite a new term that reflects technical and scientific improvements regarding prefabrication. This method of construction includes a wide range of methods that are used on and off sites time to time. Modern methods of construction in housing focus on the modern and innovative methods, build ing products and construction systems. This modern and more advanced methodology is incorporated in construction process through various techniques. For example, steel framing, timber framing, insulated concrete forms, structured insulated panel system, decent and affordable housing, sustainable buildings and drainage system in urban areas etc. The basic objectives behind modern method of construction involve the promotion of better quality designs and innovative products and ideas within construction process. However, it is a long process that involves the relation and coordination of various activities. Various research and testing organizations, all over the world, are working in this regard. Their approvals connect

Using 3D photogrammetry to monitor a simplex tensegrity structure's Assignment

Using 3D photogrammetry to monitor a simplex tensegrity structure's deformation - Assignment Example The example dwells on a mesh reflector. The mesh reflector is extensively used for apertures space aerial systems that are large due to their light weight and are packed easily and compactly. The reflector’s radio frequency exterior comprises of a mesh with reflective faces. It is bound from interlaced thin wires that are electrically conductive. This wires are made from molybdenum that are gold plated having diameters of 0.03mm. The mesh is extended over a net of cable that is made of composite filaments that are stiff and unidirectional, glued to a structure. The reflective exterior comprises of elements that due to their flexibility can be folded with ease. The accuracy mostly lies on the cable net’s shape. There are two major conceptual designs that can be spotted. The first design is based on partition of parabolic exterior in gores that get support from radial cables or radial ribs glued to an external ring. The second design is takes into consideration a separation of surfaces in facets that are flat formed by cable net tensioned using forces that are applied at each junction node. The concept has been borrowed from Miura who developed the concept of tension truss. Many large antennas that use this concept of tension truss have been launched and tested for instance Astromesh reflector and space radio telescope. The same concept has also been studied by a man called Tibert. He used the concept in designing an antenna that was based on tensegrity structure (Tibert 2002). Tension that is fairly uniform and isotropic in a reflective mesh makes sure that there is a good conductivity of electricity and RF reflectivity. The tension of the mesh should be adequate to withhold lateral accelerations that are greater than the ones having experience in orbit with no harsh distortion of the surface of the reflector. Tensions of mesh from 5N/m have been frequently used. Higher tension often

Slavery's Impact on Capital Punishment Research Paper

Slavery's Impact on Capital Punishment - Research Paper Example A stronger and healthier male slave would fetch a higher price than a weaker and older slave. Female slaves were considered more valuable than male and hence would fetch more value as they could reproduce and help increase the number of slaves. Capital punishment is the lawful enforcement of death as a reprimand for hideous crimes. Britain had put an end to the practice of capital punishment in the year1965. However, we find that USA, Japan, China, and many other Asian, African and Middle Eastern still impose death penalty for certain number of crimes and use it with varying regularity. Propagators of capital punishment argue that it is the only way of removing criminals and this would also bring about safety for the people in the society. This can be a permanent way of removing crime completely. In keeping convicts in prison there is a possibility of them escaping from the bars or they could commit crimes within the prison. There is also a third possibility of prisoners being released after the completion of their sentence giving them free rein to start their horrendous practices all over again. There is also a cost factor involved in keeping the convict behind the bars which could be used in a more resourceful way. After the abolishment of capital punishment in Britain, statistics of 2009 reveal that in the past 12 years, 65 prisoners who had served their life sentence and were subsequently released, were yet again convicted for further crime.Their crimes ranged from murder to rape, statistics also show that the people who were given life imprisonment did not serve more than 10 years and moved freely there after.It also revealed that the crimes rose by 125% over the period of five years immediately after the abolishment of the death penalty. The crimes would have attracted death penalty if it were still into force. This means that the removal of death penalty acted as a catalyst to encourage further crime as the criminals became fearless. However, it can be argued that the abolishment cannot be the sole reason for the rise in crime. It might have increased by the same extent even if the death penalty would have been in force.The propagators of abolishment of capital punishment have a vital argument in their support. According to them innocent people could be incorrectly executed and it would not be possible to compensate them for this great injustice done to them and their families as the loss of a life can never be compensated. Secondly, the grievance suffered by the family of the person convicted cannot be totally ignored. The harassment and the trauma that the families and friends have to bear from the time of arrest until the final judgement is unbearable. The anguish and the pain haunts them for many years after the trial. People find it very difficult to accept the fact that their loved ones are guilty of such heinous crime. It is more difficult for them to contemplate such a painful death for their loved ones. However strongly one may support capital punishment, it cannot undo the harm that has already been done. In case an innocent is convicted, it might augment a feeling of revenge among his close ones and thus increasing the probability of crimes. Beccaria introduces one of the first critics of the use of capital punish

Engineering ewb research Essay Example for Free

Engineering ewb research Essay 1. Introduction The Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) Challenge is a program where first year University Students throughout Australia are required to select from a range of problems associated with the living conditions of a disadvantaged community within Nepal, more specifically the village of Sandikhola, a hilltop community in the Gorkha district. The students are then required to develop creative solutions to combat these problems to benefit the community through design, teamwork and proper communication. This particular research report group 9C will be focusing on Water Supply and Sanitation Systems (WASH), in particular Multiple Use Systems (MUS). MUS refers to a system where the water is used for a range of purposes, so as to minimize the amount of fresh water needed to be drawn from the source and increase the applicability of the source. This report will be outlining research conducted into the MUS including; the geography of the Gorkha district, a case study on a WASH initiative already in place in Nepal, also included in the report will be an evaluation of sources of research, and a conclusion of the report. 2. Research 2.1 Geography of the Gorkha District The Gorkha District in Nepal is located on the mid-southern area of the Terai region roughly the center of Nepal. More specifically the village of Sandikhola is located approximately 42 kilometers North East of Bharatpur, which roughly is over an hour drive each way via a dirt road which is only accessible by 44’s and is not accessible in wet conditions. The village of Sandikhola is located on the side of a hill with an elevation of 1256 meters, and is roughly divided into three different sections consisting of crops, housing and livestock. 2.1.1 Natural Resources Land is seen as the most valuable natural resource to most citizens of the Gorkha district. With over 80% of the population, 24 506 759 people, earning a livelihood from farming, which in turn produces 36.1% of GDP on a national scale. Due to water shortages and unreliability in relation to irrigation, this is not a secure resource for the people of the Gorkha district. The only problem with utilizing land to this major of a scale is that it is being overly depleted due to the accelerating growth of population, leading  to widespread destruction of ecological systems. The other resource is water, which are polluted due to lack of sanitization and the lack of the resource, other than location, is due to de-forestation and the devastating effects it has on the environment. 2.1.2 Technological Resources The Gorkha district has very limited technological resources, especially when 90% of the population live in rural areas and average earnings per family per week are below a dollar which make the affordability of technological resources impossible for poor families. Surprisingly the telephone signal throughout the district is surprisingly good although this is a under used resource due to lack of infrastructure and finances. With under 7% of the population having access to the internet communication on a global and even national scale can be highly difficult. Due to the developing nature of Nepal access to any modern technology is unviable, with it sometimes taking up to and over 6 months for any technology to reach many rural communities e.g. water testing kits. 2.1.3 Population and Income Through researching Population and Income it was found that there are over 30 million people in Nepal, with approximately 300 000 people in Gorkha. The Terai region accommodates for 50.27% of the total population, roughly 15 million people, which is the mountainous/ hilly region of Nepal which can make life very difficult for these people in particular. The average household income is less than one dollar a day with more than 40% living under the poverty line. In the Gorkha district 90% of citizens live in rural areas which goes to show the lack of urban connection further reinforcing the fact that development of technology in relation to water use will greatly affect the population in all aspects of life. 2.1.4 Natural Disasters Natural Disasters have a major effect on developing countries, especially where climate change is concerned. This is due to the high dependence on climate sensitive sectors in the Gorkha district including glaciers, agriculture and forestry, and its low financial adaptive capacity. These disasters are becoming increasingly common with the acceleration of global warming. This is due to the increased temperatures experienced compared to 1990 to 2010 where an increase of 1.9 Degrees Celsius to the average  temperature, these particular natural disasters include an increase in dry periods, floods, intense rainfall, landslides, forest fires, glacial retreats, and glacier lake outburst flood threats. The other main natural disasters common to this area are earthquakes due to the positioning of Gorkha on the meeting point of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates. These disasters need to be taken into account so the MUS can withstand destruction via natural disaster. 2.1.5 Climatic Conditions Shown in these two graphs (below) is the average rainfall and temperature of the Gorkha District. By studying these two graphs it can be seen that the year is divided into a wet and dry season with the temperature throughout the year remaining relatively constant with a minimum range of 3 degrees Celsius and a maximum range of 9 degrees Celsius. This research is essential to the analysis of water supply 2.1.6 Education Levels In the Gorkha district education is a work in progress with the basic literacy rate at 45% of males and only 28% of women. In the district alone there are close to 500 schools, 400 of which are public. With the help of many Non-Government Organizations, development of these schools has had an excellent effect on the education system, for example at the end of 2013 1000 computers were distributed to these schools readily making available vast amounts of educational resources to these communities. The problems associated with the education levels include the travel distance especially within rural areas, and also the lack of proper WASH resources which affects the health of the students. 2.1.7 Infrastructure In relation to the Infrastructure available to the people of Gorkha it can be noted as ineffective. This is found as roads to many of the rural areas within which the majority lives, are virtually inaccessible without a 44, as less than a quarter of roads in Nepal actually being paved/concreted. This is increasingly made challenging due to less than 1% of the population actually having access to a car. The main form of transport readily  available are the public buses, but on the other hand they are not extremely reliable with the multitude of strikes which occur, making life for the people more difficult when they have to walk for hours to get where they were going. Another major flaw is the inability for citizens to access a range of services with less than 15% of people having access to formal health care services, children having to walk on average 1-3 hours to attend school, there is also a lack of an electricity supply to majority of rural areas, lack of public sewage treatme nt in the majority of the district and in general isolation of rural areas. 2.2 Existing Solutions In the community of Sandikhola, there is a wide range of problems associated with water supply. These include the accessibility to water sources, the cleanliness/quality of water supply, the amount of water supplied, and the ability for the resource to be effectively used across domestic uses and productive uses. Currently in Sandikhola approximately 80% of WASH techniques are currently in place with there being a few sources of water; one small waterway, eight tap stands and two spring intakes but during the dry season these intakes become unavailable due to low pressure. When this occurs the community must draw water from a larger spring located further away from the village down the hill. In the case of Sandikhola at each spring intake is a reservoir tank, there are three water quality testers spread across the village, one rain monitor and two flow monitors. Also introduced to this community is the use of recycling water, such as; capturing overflows at spring intakes, Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Ground Water Capture (GWC), fog water, and grey water systems. Through the integration of a range of these sources, systems and techniques we develop a MUS system. 2.2.1 Construction Basically the MUS is constructed via the connection of a range of single use technologies e.g. spring intake, storage tanks, tap stands. This is to reduce the amount of water requires for use by reducing waste water (sustainability), and also to make it more accessible for the villagers. For the construction many of the village members are heavily involved in construction so as to ensure the education of the MUS to the community allowing it to be properly maintained even after the EWB/NEWAH team leaves. 2.2.2 Inputs and Outputs For the implementation of the MUS there are a number of inputs required, these include; help from a third party in this case EWB and NEWAH in relation to funding, research and designing, participation from members of the Sandikhola community, materials, current technologies, and tools. For every input there is an output, in this case once construction is completed some of the outputs of the technology become evident, these including; an increase of income and benefits in relation to this including; general health, nutrition, social empowerment, food security, time savings. Diversification of Livelihood, which is the process by which the community develops a range of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and improve their standards of living i.e. education, inter/intra-societal interaction. Increase in sustainability including, efficient water transfer from the water source for domestic and productive applications. 3. Evaluation of Sources of Information In research for this assignment, I tend to steer clear of any non-reliable or inaccurate resources. To do this books become an extremely valuable and trusted resource, and when using websites as resources I have stuck to .org websites while at the same time checking the about us section as not all .org sites are official sites. Some ways I checked the accuracy and validity of my sources of information include; analysis of the depth of coverage, determining the intended audience so it is relevant for this report, analysis of language used i.e. sophisticated to low level understanding. The dates of the information are essential for proper research, too old might be inaccurate compared to newer information. Does the source have a bibliography and the type of sources of information the author uses and an analysis of the layout and structure of the document. Through all of this analyzing we are able to determine the accurate and reliable sources of information. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, through the research of the Gorkha district and my project area the MUS, it is possible to realize the positive potential that the implementation of the MUS has on all aspects of life. This is due to water  playing a massive part in the lives of every human, and when there is a lack of sufficient resource, daily functionality is affected. 5. References ï‚ §Renwick, et.al, 2007, â€Å"Multiple Use Water Services For The Poor: Assessing the state of Knowledge,† Winrock International: Arlington, VA ï‚ §Mikhail, et.al, 2008, â€Å"Multiple-Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons Scale-Up,† International Development Enterprises: Lakewood, CO ï‚ §Engineers without Borders USA 2014, EWB-USA, Denver viewed 10 March 2014, http://my.ewb-usa.org/project-resources/technical-resources. ï‚ §iDE Organization 2014, iDEORG, Colorado viewed 10 March 2014, http://www.ideorg.org/OurTechnologies/MultipleUseWaterSystems.aspx#. ï‚ §Practical Action 2014, Practical Action, Rugby viewed 12 March 2014, http://practicalaction.org/mus-2. ï‚ §Engineers Without Borders Australia 2014, Engineers Without Borders, North Melbourne viewed 12 March 2014, http://www.ewbchallenge.org/nepal-water-healthnewah/sandikhola. ï‚ §Smith, J., 2014, Personal Communication, 25th February 2014 ï‚ §United Nat ions 2014, United Nations, New York viewed 12th March 2014, http://www.un.org.np/maps/nepal-gorkha-district. ï‚ §Rural poverty portal 2012, IFAD, Vancouver viewed 12 March 2014, http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/en/country/statistics/tags/nepal.