Drugs and Aging Essay Example for Free

Drugs and Aging Essay Over the years, the medical world has conducted various studies and researches about the effects of drug abuse on health. Drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, opium, morphine, and heroine are just some of the most commonly abused drugs that could also cause serious health problems such as heart attacks, brain damage, cancer, liver disease, impotence, and even HIV/AIDS. Apart from these conditions, substance abuse can also greatly affect an individual’s aging process (Anderson 432). According to studies, drugs have a great effect on a person’s aging process. It particularly targets and damages important body organ such as the heart, brain, and liver. Researches also suggest that drug abuse also alters and impedes the function of these organs which in turn exacerbates the aging process. The aging however, dies not stop with the internal organs. Instead, it also manifests on the person’s physical or outer appearance. Almost all drugs produce a certain side effect on the body’s aging course. However, substances such as nicotine, cocaine, and alcohol are three of the most abused drugs that deteriorate the body’s natural vitality (Anderson 432). Nicotine is said to be one of the top substances that rapidly ages and harms the body. It is a type of alkaloid found in the Solanaceae plant family. It is present and widely taken in the form of cigarettes and tobacco. When smoked, this substance blends in with the blood which in turn passes through the lungs and the brain. It only takes a few seconds before its chemicals such as acetylcholine, arginine, dopamine, beta-endorphine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin stimulates and then relaxes the body. According to users smoking cigarettes gives them a feeling of calmness, relaxation, as well as alertness (Late 1). Despite of its soothing and stimulating effects, nicotine can also cause damaging consequences to the body particularly in its aging process. It harms the lungs, brain, and the heart. According to researches, nicotine has very powerful effects on the body’s arteries. It raises the blood pressure and constricts the arteries. This condition makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood. Apart from this, nicotine is also responsible for increasing the risks of blood clot and clogging. Aside from the heart, nicotine also has aging effects on the brain. The chemicals inside this substance affect and slowly deteriorate brain functions. When nicotine is introduced to adolescent brain, it may cause a long-lasting damage or consequence to the developing brain. This includes the higher addiction risk to other substances and even mental conditions and ailments (Late 30). The aging effect of nicotine also has an irreversible consequence on the skin. The effects are primarily roots from the nicotine chemicals which cause the cells in the body to act and behave erratically. The substance itself restricts blood flow which then prevents the skin from receiving important nutrients and anti-oxidants. The result is a dry, dull, and grayish skin. Chronic smokers also develop deep wrinkles around the eyes and mouth which causes them to look ten to twenty years older (Smoking and Skin Aging 6). Cocaine is also a harmful drug that easily ages the body. It is regarded as one of the most abused stimulant in the United States. This highly addictive drug is usually taken in by injection, smoking, swallowing, or snorting. It has a euphoric effect which makes the user calm, and even happy. However, cocaine also presents numerous negative health consequences. It slowly damages the heart, brain, and lungs. Its effects on the brain is particularly damaging as it alters its responsiveness. Studies also show that cocaine abuse causes seizure which can also lead to erratic or bizarre behavior. This substance also ages the heart as it increases the heart rate as well as the blood pressure. This causes the arteries to constrict which in turn, blocks the blood supply in the heart. Cocaine abuse can also trigger an abnormal heart rhythm. The strong effects of cocaine chemicals force the body’s organs to work twice as hard. This does not only cause the organ to age abruptly, but it also increases the risk of organ damage and even breakdown (Teen Drug Abuse 1). Alcohol is also another substance commonly abused by millions of people worldwide. It is found in almost every alcoholic beverages and liquors such as wine, beer, and spirits. When consumed in moderation, alcohol can be easily processed by the body. However, abuse of this substance can age and damage the body. A reason behind is largely due to the fact that the body requires a certain amount of time before it can properly absorb and dispose alcohol. Constant drinking and intake will automatically force the body to function abnormally, thus resulting to organ damage and infection (Aging and Alcohol Abuse 3). Alcohol affects crucial organs such as liver and the brain. Once alcohol is ingested, it becomes diffused in almost every tissue of the body. The liver, for instance, functions by breaking down the alcohol. It exactly takes one hour before the liver can process an alcoholic drink. However, constant use of this substance will eventually lead to liver cirrhosis and liver degeneration. The brain is also affected by excessive alcohol in take. It slows down major brain activities which can lead to forgetfulness and confusion. Often times, alcohol drinking affects an individual’s judgment which leads to erratic and even violent and aggressive behavior. Heavy drinking can also permanently cause damage to the central nervous system primarily because it impairs the function of the brain receptors (Aging and Alcohol Abuse 2). Aside from the liver and the brain, alcohol also causes the body to age physically. It dehydrates the body which causes the skin to look dry and dull. In some cases, this lack of moisture from the skin results to wrinkles and even skin cracks. This substance also affects the skin by depleting the body of all the essential minerals and vitamins. It especially impedes the absorption of Vitamin A which makes the skin look radiant. Thus, frequent and heavy drinkers exhibit a lifeless and dull looking skin. Some chronic drinkers also note that their skin color sometimes change into a yellowish or gray tone.

How can we protect our private information from others? Essay -- Commu

During my brother’s freshman year at TCU, he made the decision to join ROTC, a college military program that TCU offered its’ students in which the students would receive a full tuition scholarship if they joined. However, my brother did not want to disclose this information to our whole family and unfortunately I was unaware of this when my mother and I arrived at TCU for an unexpected visit. Upon the arrival of my mother and me, I fortuitously made the mistake of revealing my brother’s decision to join ROTC, which as a result enraged my mother to a new height. She was infuriated with the fact that my brother kept this important information from her. Due to this unintentional spilling of my brother’s private information, it took him a long time for him to conceal his private information to me and to trust me with his secrets. Conversely, through the research I have conducted on Sandra Petronio’s Communication Privacy Management Theory, I have gain ed helpful insight about realizing that there are certain boundaries and rules when others self-disclose and it is my duty to know and understand these boundaries and rules to appease the chance of â€Å"boundary turbulence.† If I had known the central premise of this theory before revealing my brother’s private information, I could have come to the conclusion that it would not be in mine or my brother’s best interest to reveal to my mother that he was in the ROTC program. The Communication Privacy Management theory is as Petronio states â€Å"as a map of the way people navigate privacy† and gives the necessary steps of how one must set and coordinate certain privacy rules with their co-owner, in order for the owner to feel that they have complete control of who gets to know their private inform... ...e discussions in order to make sure she is in complete control of her private information. During this time, Katherine is considered to have complete ownership of her learning disability. She has not allowed anyone to become a co-owner of this information, and due to a certain event when Russ pokes fun at those with learning disabilities, Katherine soon feels as if she will never be able to conceal her learning disability with her friends. Nevertheless, if Katherine wants to have more than a â€Å"superficial† relationship with Russ and Kim, she must disclose her ADD disability with them and be honest which brings her to asses her relationship with her friends. During this time, Katherine, unknowingly, applies three of the five components of Petronio’s rules based management system that her CPM theory addresses, wherein it explains how we create our privacy boundaries.

Older and Wiser Essay

Frank Heberer, the Human Resources Manager of Medignostics, finds it difficult to accept the aging employees of his firm as part of an energetic workforce. According to Heberer, the older employees of the company are not as productive as the young. However, Bertha Weber from the marketing department trusts that the older employees of Medignostics are necessary for the firm. She intercedes on behalf of the aging employees of the firm to point out to Heberer that it is only the older employee who truly knows the kind of products to sell other aged people. As an example, Weber mentions the successful arthritis campaign of Medignostics which was spearheaded by an aging employee – somebody who was expected to certainly know more about arthritis than the young employees. Weber also points out to Heberer that he, being only 45 years of age, cannot be expected to successfully market products for the aged people. Rather, it is only the aging employee who understands the aches and pains of old age that can successfully market health products and services for other aging people. In other words, the aging employee of a health products company, or any other organization for that matter, is best qualified to market products for the aged. Not only does the aging marketer know the kinds of products and services needed by the aged, but he also is aware of the kind of marketing communication that is required to reach out to the aged. The aging employee is actually expected to most perfectly understand the marketing mix for products that are especially made for the aged. This employee is in an excellent position to decide on the prices of products to be sold to the aged. Moreover, he knows where to place the products to sell the aged. Yet another advantage of older employees put forth by Weber is that the aging employee knows the company better than anybody else. Having worked for decades with Medignostics, an aging employee understands well the policies of the firm, in addition to its goals and requirements. After all, the aging employee has spent plenty of years trying to improve upon his productivity and efficiency in the company. So, Weber refers to the â€Å"experience† of the older employee being of special significance to the company, seeing that the older employee is in a better position to take the company forward with his experiences of success and failure at Medignostics. To put it another way, the aging employee knows what works and what does not work at his firm. The young employee, on the other hand, would take his time to realize the basics of the company before he can even think of taking the company forward with his youthful energy that Heberer would like to fill the company with in place of the old employees. Weber believes that the older employees still have a lot to offer Medignostics. The 58-year-old Hausmann who has worked for the firm for 20 years has been seen to consistently improve his performance. He moved up in organizational rank from bookkeeping to account management. Weber would like Heberer to keep Hausmann employed, the reason being that Hausmann and other aging employees continue to have a lot to offer Medignostics. If Hausmann is not productive in his present function at the company, perhaps Weber would suggest that the older employee must be given a new job function to perform. After all, older employees may not only be extremely useful in marketing to all ages – seeing as they have lived through them all – but also in the area of organizational counseling. The wisdom of the older employees may benefit young employees tremendously. Older employees may also be given the chance to select their new job functions where they would be most productive, given that the organization trusts them more than it would trust its new employees. Hence, Weber would like Heberer to trust the fact that the older employee is truly wiser.

Similarities Between Absolutism And Democracy - 1729 Words

Throughout world history different forms of political systems have been conjured and used, in the hopes of finding the right one. During the l16th and 17th century Europe went through economic catastrophes and violent wars, an absolute monarchy was one of the many trial and error solutions used to search for a way to create more order in society. As Europe created nation-states, the divine power and extreme wealth of the absolute monarchs controlled countries such as Russia and France. While in England the political system was more centralized, attempts were made to limit royal power and protected the rights of the governed. There has always been a battle of which political system worked better. Studies have shown that both absolutism and democracy have their advantages and disadvantages. There are various differences and similarities between the development of the nation-state ruled by an absolute monarch like in France and in a democratic government like in England. Thomas Hobbes was one of the first English philosophers during the enlightenment, he believed human beings were naturally brutal, there was always a competition between men causing war. As a result of war culture and knowledge is lost, there becomes a constant fear of dying. A government is formed to protect the people from the human nature of others. In an excerpt from his work, The Leviathan, he states, â€Å"The life of man is lonely, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. In order to live a more happy life andShow MoreRelatedLiberal Absolutism Vs Liberal Liberalism Essay1805 Words   |  8 PagesThe objective of this paper is to firstly, compare and contrast the Hobbesian notion of liberal absolutism with Lockean liberal constitutionalism and secondly, elucidate how these similarities and differences impact the American presidency. I will begin by explicating liberal absolutism and liberal constitutionalism and then proceed to articulate their points of similarity and difference. Next, I claim that these two liberalisms can blur the lines in understanding the role of the executive. LetRead MorePà ©rola Barroca the Imperfect Art : Baroque Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesRepublic and democracy society was raised. Most people think that Baroque Art was form of Absolutism under the autocracy system. However, Baroque Arts were not come from Absolutism. This essay will deal with some countries where Baroque Art was started and their characteristics. Also, some comparison on contemporary art trend will be covered Generally, Baroque and Rococo are compared together. As Baroque was become trendy, another art trend was made, Rococo. What are their similarities and differencesRead MoreHobbes And Rousseau On The Social Contract Theory1625 Words   |  7 Pagessome extent, to be based on the disquisitions of Hobbes. Conversely, Locke and Rousseau have transformed the concept of Hobbes to align with their perspectives on society and human nature. Hobbes and Rousseau have significant similarities and differences in their similarities conceptions regarding the social contract theory. Hobbes argues that man naturally desires security and order. It is the quest for security and preservation, as well as the need to avoid pain and misery that made man to getRead MoreVenezuela s Power And Power1288 Words   |  6 Pagesgradually turning into a tyranny. What used to be one of the most economically prosperous countries in Latin America, has been corrupted by a sole man, who single-handedly managed to control Venezuela for 15 years and pull it away from the ideal of democracy.[1] While alive, Hugo Chà ¡vez arose like a populist false prophet, took advantage of an establishment-tired and politically divided Venezuela, and did everything possible to perpetuate his own power and pave the way for a monopolistic tyrannical regimeRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Citizen Life In Platos The Republic1552 Words   |  7 PagesThis philosophical study will compare the two paradigmatic regimes of the aristocracy and tyranny and also provide a critical analysis of citizen life in P lato’s The Republic. The similarities between Socrates’ definition of the Philosopher King of the aristocracy and the tyrant are that a single ruler governs over the republic. In some ways, the empowerment of a single individual provides a catalyst for an aristocratic engagement of the nobleman to support this form of governance. In these seeminglyRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Historical Significance Between Ww1And Ww2939 Words   |  4 PagesHISTORY SBA Compare and Contrast the historical significance between the two world WARS. http://www.diffen.com/difference/World_War_I_vs_World_War_II Similarities Topical sentence: A) Both war led to heavy casualties. 1) WW1: Estimated to be 10 million dead, 21 million wounded, and 7.7 million missing or imprisoned. 2) WW2: More than 40 million men and women were serving in the armed forces by 1944 and civilian and military deaths exceeded 55 million. Topical sentence: B) same both createdRead MoreJohn Locke vs Jean-Jacques Rousseau.1663 Words   |  7 Pagesunits, and the people have the right to overthrow the legislator; Rousseau believes that the people have the legislative power, society conforms as a general will, and the people have no right to revolt against the legislator. Despite the similarities between Locke and Rousseau, their theories of the state of nature already differ in terms of morality, property, and freedom. Locke believes that men are born with morality ingrained in them; Rousseau states that men are born with no morality, andRead MoreEssay about Magna Carta1198 Words   |  5 Pagespermeated the ancient life of early peoples. It blazed anew in the middle ages. It was written in Magna Charta† (Roosevelt). As a president living in the modern era, it was surprisingly to hear such statement from him considering that the time span between 1215 and 1941 is 726 years. Whether it might seem strange or unconvincing, there is no denial in saying that the Magna Carta demonstrated some sort of democratic hopes in world history. In 1215, the barons wrote the Magna Carta and demanded King JohnRead MoreImpact Of The Enlightenment On Modern Political Thought1841 Words   |  8 Pagescontinued to shape modern governments. While it is true that ce rtain forms of democracy evolved in ancient Athens and Rome, modern governments differ significantly from these ancient societies. In some cases, the very words put forth by the philosophers were written directly into the constitutions of countries practicing these new ideas. Without the contributions of John Locke and other enlightenment philosophers, democracy and government as we know it today would not exist. The shape of modern governmentRead MoreModern States Are The Status Quo Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesnationalism. While these extreme statements seem irrational, a nationalistic ideology forced upon citizens, has become the foundation to maintaining and developing the modern state. Although, this has not always been the case throughout history. Developed between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, the modern state changed the properties of an effective rule, and thus played challenging roles within â€Å"late† developed states such as in India and Nigeria. Modernization of the statehood has developed over

Ethnicity and Employment - the Representation of Ethnic Minorities in the UK Labour Market Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Statistics suggest that education played a very important role in uplifting the ethnic minorities in the labour market. However, certain issues hindered the enthusiasm of ethnic minorities to attain better educational opportunities. For example, it was observed that students from lower socio-economic conditions lacked the necessary skills to attain better positions through the labour market. The learning pathways that students adopted also affected the way in which they approached education. For example, students from lower economic background usually will not have the requisite skills to apply for a top position in the labour market. At the same time, even students who possess better qualification were found to be diffident to apply for better positions. This is explained by the fact that people from lower economic conditions attached only lower importance to higher education and the increase in status associated with a job that could be achieved through better education (CREST, 19 99). Statistics indicate that the necessary encouragement from a policy of compulsory education has been lacking in the UK. As a consequence, compulsory education has not been able to encourage people to look higher for better job prospects. Poverty It is easy to guess the origin of poverty because we can say that poverty could have originated in a place where there were class distinctions and regulation of labour. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnicity and Employment - the Representation of Ethnic Minorities in the UK Labour Market or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Effects Of Alcohol On Crime Rate During The...

Alcohol: The Governments Role In The Prohibition Of 1920 To 1933 ABSTRACT From 1920-33, a mandate under the 18th amendment prohibited the distribution and consumption of alcohol in the United States of America. During this period, the number of federal convicts increased by 561% as well as organized crime among mafia and gangs. This leads to questioning the extent to which government health restrictions increased crime rate during the Prohibition of 1920-1933. To assess this topic, I will first research the history of alcohol consumption and the causes of the Volstead act proposed by the U.S. senate on December 18, 1917 (Hanson, â€Å"Alcohol†). I will then delve into the change in crime during this period and investigate important characters that played a role. From this, I will assess the part that the government restriction of alcohol played on crime rate. To what extent did government health restrictions increase crime rate during the Prohibition of 1920-1933? INTRODUCTION The prohibition was a widespread movement during the first decade of the 20th century that sought to illegalize the widespread distribution of alcohol. Although enforced by the Volstead Act legislation proposed on December 18, 1917, it was very difficult to mandate and often resulted in illegal production and sale of liquor, known as â€Å"bootlegging†. From 1800 to 1850, the United States underwent a time known as the revivalism era in which several calls for temperance and otherShow MoreRelatedHow did the Prohibition Change the United States of America (USA)? And why was it a failure?1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe word Prohibition as stated in the World Book encyclopaedia refers to laws that are designed to prevent the drinking of alcoholic beverages. The enforcement of the Volstead Act in the United States of America (USA) saw the nationwide beginning of the prohibition on the 16th of January 1920. The Prohibition brought about a change in attitude for the people of the United States (USA). It caused an extreme rise in crime; encouraging everyday people to break the law and increased the amount ofRead MoreThe 18th Amendment And Prohibition711 Words   |  3 PagesThe 1920’s of America was a time of many dramatic social and political changes. New fads arose, the economy changed, and thousands of people were transitioning f rom rural to urban areas. During this time, new amendments emerged, like the 18th amendment. The 18th amendment, prohibition, may have seemed like a positive thing at the time, but it caused countless problems like increased crime rates, the court system and law enforcement became corrupted, and the making of homemade alcohol increased. Read More absolut Failure Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pages The 1920’s was a time of major social change in the United States. The social changes during this period are reflected in the laws and regulations that were implemented. One of the most prominent examples of this was prohibition. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, or the Volsted act as it is also know, was implemented to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the advocates of prohibition hoped to also eradicate the social problems associated with alcohol. â€Å"It wasRead MoreTaking a Look at Prohibition937 Words   |  4 Pagesmaking and transportation of alcohol was banned. In 1919 the Volstead Act made all drinks containing more than 0.5 percent alcohol illegal once the 18th amendment went into use in 1920. Prohibition in America between 1920 and 1933 was made a law to reduce crime and corruption, solve social issues, and improve the health of Americans. The effects of prohibition on Americans depended on the reduced amount of alcohol being drunk. For a while consumption levels of alcohol decreased but then soon increasedRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthe distribution and consumption of alcohol, the Prohibition Act. Most of Capone’s profits came from his disobedience to the act which was successful due to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. Al Capone was the most successful distributor of alcohol due to bribing law enforcements andRead MoreProhibition in America: The Rights of Individuals vs. the Responsibilities of a Nation 1612 Words   |  7 Pages PROHIBITION IN AMERICA The Rights of Individuals vs. the Responsibilities of a Nation â€Æ' The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages† . This historical, yet short era, known as â€Å"Prohibition†, set an example that is still referred to today. As people scrambled all around the country trying to illegally obtain alcohol, the country was once again in a state of chaos. As part of a Christian based temperanceRead MoreUnintended Consequences of Prohibition1537 Words   |  7 Pages(1) Before the prohibition of alcohol existed in the United States people freely drank alcohol, mainly beer, some responsibly and some irresponsibly. The government was able to collect quite a substantial amount of tax revenue for the manufacture, transportation, sales, and consumption of alcohol. In the years leading up to the prohibition of alcohol the rates of serious crime and alcohol consumption were steadily dropping, they rose during the mid – latter years of prohibition. There were relativelyRead MoreRise of Crime in the 1920s Essays872 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920s are usually characterized as a time of care-free, social rebellion against the restricting ideals of the post WWI world, but it has a darker side than this. Prisons populations and crime rates rose to an all time high from where they were pre-Prohibition. Gangsters soon became the richest, most powerful men in the country and all due to the bootlegging of liquor. In New York and Chicago especially, the gan gs were as diverse as the people living there, all fighting to control their areasRead MoreProhibition in America1214 Words   |  5 Pagess. citizens extra spending money, and prevent crime; but it did just the opposite. The 18th amendment was put into effect on the 18th of december 1917 and it â€Å"Prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages.† (bill of rights amendment 18) Prohibition was most likely a direct cause to the Temperance movement. The Temperance union thought that alcohol ruined people’s lives and they were not wrong. Although alcohol made the americans citizens look uncivilized andRead MoreBootlegging1172 Words   |  5 Pages The 1920’s in American History was an extraordinary time period due to the extreme prosperity of the people who lived in it. The lust for bigger and better conveniences was developed and led people to want easy money. After the eighteenth amendment went into effect, the quickest way to make money was through the illegal production and smuggling of alcohol. Smuggling created the infamous gangsters who made their fortunes from the moonshine. The greatest contributor of wealth and crime of the

The Concept of Monopoly Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: Discuss the characteristics of a Monopoly Market. Answers: The identified essay has been developed to discuss the characteristics of a monopoly market. Precisely, the study provides an extended introduction elaborating monopoly market structure. By defining the concept of monopoly business in a given market, the essay paper thoroughly researches two major questions. First of all, the study illustrates why the government of leading economies has wanted to control the price setting policy of a natural monopoly business. Secondly, the ways to regulate the price setting of monopolist business have been described in the study as well. In the meanwhile, the study paper includes economic principles to analyse how monopolist business set up has affected the consumers in a free market. In terms of economic definition, pure monopoly market structure has formed if there is only a single producer or supplier available to the market (White, 2015). Therefore, due to lack of market competition, the operating business of the single firm creates monopoly market where the monopolist firm has become the price maker in the industry (Abdin, 2008). The study paper delivers a detailed review of the operations of natural monopolist firm to identify why the government should restrict the price setting of monopoly businesses (Imai, 2012). In addition, a case study has been provided to understand how natural monopoly can imbalance the market equilibrium price. In order to understand why and how government regulates the price setting of a monopoly market, it is important to observe the characteristics of a monopoly market structure. In a monopoly market structure a single firm serves the entire industry with no competition (Sheshinski, 2016). On the basis of the regulatory terms, a firm with 25 percent or more of the market share is considered as a monopoly (Jamal Sunder, 2014). On the other hand, it is important to note that a natural monopoly occurs due to certain advantages such as high availability of mineral resources, strategic location and specific regulatory requirements (Sheshinski Weiss, 2013). For example, the Gulf Countries have good amount of natural crude oil resources that makes them monopoly leader in the global oil industry. However, to become a natural monopoly market, the industry must possess the following characteristics: One seller and many buyers: There is a single seller and huge number of buyers in a monopoly market. Lack of substitutes: Due to the absence of competitors there is a lack of substitute products. Sometimes the distinctiveness of the products and services provide monopoly rights to the firms (Sheshinski Weiss, 2013). Lack of competition: As there is a single seller in the market there is no close competitor for a monopoly firm. Profitability as the primary objective: The primary objective of monopolist firm is to earn higher level of profitability. In other words, profit maximisation is the main aim of the monopolist firms. The monopolist firms aims to achieve supernormal profit that makes different from any other market structure (Sheshinski Weiss, 2013). However, the firm may achieve abnormal profit in the long run due to over regulation of government and promotion of competition by regulating bodies. High barriers to entry and exit: Furthermore, the monopoly market structure has high barriers to entry and exit for new firms in the market. In other words, a new firm requires huge investment in order to enter a monopoly market that has no competition till present (Sheshinski, 2016). Hence, the barriers to entry are at extreme level for a new entrant. High control over price: Being a single seller in the market with no substitutes, the monopoly firms are the price makers. The monopoly firms have the right to decide the price of the products and services that are offered to the customers. The primary factor that is considered by the monopolist firms to determine the price of its products and services is total revenue. A monopolist firm produce its products at an output level at which the total revenue is at its highest point to earn maximum profit (Sheshinski, 2016). The total revenue curve has been presented herein below: Figure: Total Revenue Curve of a Monopolist Firm Source: (White, 2015) The above figure shows that M is the output level at which the total revenue is at its maximum point. Furthermore, a total revenue curve is inclined in the middle and at its highest point the profitability is maximised (White, 2015). Hence, a monopoly firm determines the level of output by considering the profit maximisation factor. However, there are several other factors that must be observed to understand the market structure of a natural monopoly. A diagram has been given below with further explanation: Figure: Natural Monopoly Source: (White, 2015) According to the above figure, a monopolist firm produces at an output level QM, which is much lower than the socially optimum output level at QE. Additionally, the monopolist organisation charges a higher price at PM which is also higher than the socially optimum price level. Furthermore, the level of quantity to be produced by a monopoly firm is determined by MC = MR (White, 2015). Therefore, it can be seen that the price charged by the monopoly businesses is quite higher than the market equilibrium price (PE) and the government regulated price (PR) that creates a immense pressure over the consumers. Furthermore, the output level at QM, which is quite below than the equilibrium output level (QE) and government regulated output level (QR) indicates an underutilisation of resources (White, 2015). Hence, the profit maximisation policy of the monopoly firms create problem for the government to maintain stability in the market. The government is the core authority to control the misuse of the monopoly power by several organisations to safeguard the rights of the consumers and maintain stability in the market (Sunder Jamal, 2015). Furthermore, there are several reasons for the government to regulate the price setting of natural monopoly that is discussed herein below: Avoid over pricing: The absence of government regulations makes the monopoly firms misuse their price setting power and the common public have to suffer by paying high price for the products. The over pricing policy of the monopolist contributes towards inadequate allocation of resources and reduces the consumer welfare (Sadanand, 2008). Hence, government regulation is required to prevent excess pricing of products. Maintain quality of service: The lack of competitors and substitute products allows the monopolist firms to comprise with the quality of products and services (Spulber, 2014). Hence, the government regulation is required to maintain the quality of service and safeguard the consumer interests. Control monopsony power: In some cases, the firms operating in monopoly market structure misuse their monopsony power while purchasing raw materials from the small scale sellers. For example, supermarkets with monopsony power dominate the small farmers and squeeze their profit margin. The farmers have to forcefully sell their products at lower price as there is no other buyer in the market (Slade, 2009). Hence, the regulations of the government safeguard the rights of the small scale producers in a monopoly market system. Promote competition: The firms in the monopoly market system use their power to dominate the entire industry. It is considered that a firm with more than 25 percent of the market share can dominate other sellers by practising monopoly power (Jamal Sunder, 2014). Hence, the government plays an essential role in such market structure by promoting competition to minimise the monopoly power of the large scale market leaders. The analysis based on the discussion has evaluated, many of the monopoly firms have misused the price setting power in a given market due to lack of government regulations. Clearly, such price setting strategies of overpricing can unstable market price equilibrium of a free market leading to market failure. Evidently, price setting power of monopoly firms can further make an impact on the savings of target audience (Wessels, 2012). In addition, in the presence of monopoly market structure, new firms cannot get an entry in the market. Hence, growth of the economy has been hindered. Therefore, by using regulatory policies government of modern economies must regulate the price setting tactics of natural monopoly businesses (Jamal Sunder, 2014). In the developed as well as emerging economies, government has considered a number of strategies to restrict the price setting of monopoly businesses describes as follows: First and foremost, government must set up regulatory commission to verify the pricing strategy as well as the quality of offered products/services of monopolist businesses (Gaudin, 2012). For instance, State Electricity Regulatory Board was set up in Australia to regulate the pricing of electricity offered by different state-owned firms in their respective target markets. Thus, the pricing of electricity and normal supply have been maintained. Also, the regulatory board must identify whether monopolist firms operating in different markets have maintained fair price of products so that market price equilibrium can be ensured (Norman, 2012). Other than the regulatory interventions, government of economies must use substantial price deduction policies to control the high prices marked by the monopoly firms operating in different industries. Evidently, the RPI-X regulation technique can be defined as a way to put a restriction of surging product pricing strategy of monopolist firms (Simshauser, 2017). The X denotes the deduction of price to be implemented by the government during the price hike of products/services offered by monopolies. Considering the technique, assuming inflation rate as 6% and the X is 3%, the policy will allow the monopoly enterprise to hike the service/product price by 6-3 i.e. 3% at the highest. In this way, the government can regulate excessive offered price of monopolies. Thirdly, the government agencies and regulatory board must put an eye into the mergers and acquisition operations of firms that can establish a monopoly market structure in a given market. In such cases, a number of restrictions and legal regulations must be implemented to maintain price setting policies (Treynor, 2013). Hence, the government intervention and strategies can control the price making policy of monopolies safeguarding the public interest. In terms of discussing a monopoly business structure in the Australian market, EnergyAustralia, a state government-owned electricity and gas supplier can be featured. Precisely, the monopoly business of the enterprise offered electricity and gas supply service to the target audience of Central Coast areas, Sydney and other territories of New South Wales. Previously, the company had operated using price-regulated monopolist business in the target area by supplying electricity. Before 1997, the enterprise has owned a unique electricity distribution network establishing a monopoly business in the target market of Western territories of New South Wales. By 1997, the Australian government had deregulated the business structure of EnergyAustralia to increase competition and maintain a competitive price of electricity in the target market. As a result of the deregulation, the enterprise was segmented into two section i.e. retail business and distribution business of electricity (Parkin, 201 4). However, the distribution business was kept under the state government in 2012. Evidently, the government regulations imposed on the monopoly businesses have benefited the target market consumers (Sheshinski Weiss, 2013). Precisely, due to government interventions and regulatory activities, consumers can get better product price and improved quality of services/products. On the other hand, using the price flooring tactics and segmentation of monopoly businesses can directly improve the economic balance in a given free market. Evidently, regulating the monopolist businesses price setting policy can create more opportunities for the new firms to get an entry in the market (Treynor, 2013). Thus, SMEs in the local market get a chance to establish their business in a monopolist market structure as well. Understandably, the review of the monopoly market structure has delivered answers to the primary questions asked during the introduction of the study. The study evaluates that monopolist firms have influentially exploited the price making power. At the same time, monopoly businesses have deliberately produced goods below the socially optimal output level to control the prices at will. In addition, due to lack of market competitors, monopolist firms have compromised with the product quality as well. As a result of the consequences, to protect the interest of the market consumers, government intervention to regulate price setting policy of monopolist firm has become essential. 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